means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
The right of Alfonso J. Cruz‐Jentoft and John E. Morley to be identified as the author(s) of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law.
Registered Office(s) John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK
Editorial Office 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK
For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print‐on‐demand. Some content that appears in standard print versions of this book may not be available in other formats.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty The contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding, and discussion only and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or promoting scientific method, diagnosis, or treatment by physicians for any particular patient. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.
The CIP date for ISBN: 9781119597872 has been applied.
Cover design: Wiley
Cover image: © Choksawatdikorn/Shutterstock
List of Contributors
Hidenori Arai National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
Jürgen M. Bauer Center for Geriatric Medicine and Network Aging Research, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
Ivan Bautmans Frailty in Ageing Research Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
Charlotte Beaudart Division of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, WHO Collaborating Center for Public Health aspects of musculo‐skeletal health and ageing, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
Yves Boirie Université Clermont Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont‐Ferrand, France INRA, UMR 1019, Unite de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH, Clermont‐Ferrand, France CHU Clermont‐Ferrand, Service de Nutrition Clinique, Clermont‐Ferrand, France
Olivier Bruyère Division of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, WHO Collaborating Center for Public Health aspects of musculo‐skeletal health and ageing, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
Riccardo Calvani Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Teaching Hospital “Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli” at the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
Peggy M. Cawthon California Pacific Medical Center, Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
Tommy Cederholm Theme Ageing, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Matteo Cesari Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Unità di Medicina Interna ad Indirizzo Geriatrico, IRCCS Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, Milan, Italy
Liang‐Kung Chen Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan Department of Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan Aging and Health Research Center, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
Antonio Cherubini Geriatria, Accettazione Geriatrica e Centro di ricerca per l’invecchiamento IRCCS INRCA, Ancona, Italy
Paul Coen Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL, USA
Alfonso J. Cruz‐Jentoft Servicio de Geriatría, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (IRYCIS), Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Richard Dodds AGE Research Group, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle, UK
Michael Drey Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
Gustavo Duque Department of Medicine‐Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, St Albans, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
William J. Evans Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Division of Geriatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
Luigi Ferrucci Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
Beatrice Gasperini Department of Geriatrics and Rehabilitation, Santa Croce Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti Marche Nord, Fano, Italy
Anton Geerinck Division of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, WHO Collaborating Center for Public Health aspects of musculo‐skeletal health and ageing, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
Bret H. Goodpaster Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL, USA
Christelle Guillet Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CHU Clermont‐Ferrand, Service de Nutrition Clinique, CRNH Auvergne, INRA, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont‐Ferrand, France
Sandra Helmers Assistance Systems and Medical Device Technology, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
Ben Kirk Department of Medicine‐Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, St Albans, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Francesco