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CHAPTER 7 Adverse Outcomes and Functional Consequences of Sarcopenia
Jean Woo
Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
INTRODUCTION
Since the publication of the first edition of this book, major changes have occurred in the definition of sarcopenia, to include some are the consequences of sarcopenia previously described in the chapter of adverse outcomes and functional consequences.
This chapter provides a summary of the current state of research on these topics, to cover mortality, functional decline, rate of falls, fracture incidence, quality of life, metabolic consequences, and use of health services. The chapter will also cover the term “secondary sarcopenia” associated with disuse, malnutrition, and inflammation.
MORTALITY
Systematic reviews on prospective studies of people aged 60 years and over as well as individual population studies have shown that sarcopenia increases the odds ratio of mortality between 1.6 and 3.6 [1–3], and that the effect was higher in people aged 79 years or older [1]. Individual constituent definition of sarcopenia, such as grip strength, and body composition among community‐living older people aged 65 years and over also predicted all‐cause mortality [4, 5], while grip strength and other physical performance measures in mid‐life predicted late‐life mortality [6–8].
With respect