7Figure 7.1 Dental extraction forceps, winged dental elevator, and crosscut f...Figure 7.2 Using a round bur on a high‐speed handpiece, alveolar bone may be...Figure 7.3 A crosscut fissure bur on a high‐speed handpiece is used with the...Figure 7.4 A dental elevator, with its tip sharpened, is carefully advanced ...Figure 7.5 A dental elevator can be used with controlled force between crown...Figure 7.6 A dental elevator can be used between a tooth segment to be eleva...Figure 7.7 The dental elevator can be rotated after placement to stretch and...Figure 7.8 Once the periodontal ligament is completely fatigued, and the too...Figure 7.9 After the tooth has been removed, gently curette the alveolus to ...Figure 7.10 Any rough edges of alveolar bone should be reduced and smoothed ...Figure 7.11 Envelope flap for simple exposure without releasing incisions.Figure 7.12 Use a small crosscut fissure bur (#699) to section a feline mand...Figure 7.13 Grooves can be made in the alveolar bone at the mesial (rostral)...Figure 7.14 (a) The crosscut fissure bur is used from the buccal furcation o...Figure 7.15 (a) Begin to section through the two mesial roots (buccal and pa...Figure 7.16 A section of the distal aspect of the distal crown can be remove...Figure 7.17 If the palatal root is not easily elevated, or root tip is fract...Figure 7.18 Smooth the roughened edges of alveolar bone before suturing (alv...Figure 7.19 The lower first molar is sectioned with the crosscut fissure bur...Figure 7.20 The distal root of the lower first molar is elevated.Figure 7.21 Once the distal root is gone, cancellous bone at the distal aspe...Figure 7.22 A groove on the distal aspect of the mesial root can make elevat...Figure 7.23 Once the Y‐shaped flap at the distal aspect of the canine is rai...Figure 7.24 A groove may be made at the mesial aspect of the mandibular cani...Figure 7.25 (a) Elevation of the distal aspect of the tooth should follow th...Figure 7.26 With proper flap procedures, the site should be closed without t...
8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 The pain pathway.Figure 8.2 Analgesia is most effective when administered prior to surgical s...Figure 8.3 Infraorbital block: the distance from the rostral foramen opening...Figure 8.4 Infraorbital block: the distance from the rostral foramen opening...Figure 8.5 Deep infraorbital block exits the infraorbital canal at the level...Figure 8.6 Red line shows needle placement for intraoral maxillary nerve blo...Figure 8.7 Maxillary block: alternative subzygomatic approach with the needl...Figure 8.8 Maxillary block: alternative subzygomatic approach. The syringe a...Figure 8.9 The middle mental foramen: ventral and slightly rostral to the ma...Figure 8.10 Inferior alveolar block: the distal foramen of the mandibular ca...Figure 8.11 Inferior alveolar block: extraoral approach. While identifying a...Figure 8.12 Inferior alveolar block: intraoral approach. Direct the needle t...
9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Tabletop lead shield for radiation protection that bends in the m...Figure 9.2 Standard equipment for oral assessment and cleaning: (left to rig...Figure 9.3 Standard equipment for oral surgery: (bottom, left to right) LaGr...Figure 9.4 High‐speed handpiece.Figure 9.5 (a) Burs for sectioning in a high‐speed handpiece: (left to rightFigure 9.6 Dental elevators: (top) luxator (flat elevator); (bottom) winged ...Figure 9.7 Small elevator (1.3S) used for feline teeth or root tips.Figure 9.8 Root‐tip pick (RT‐1).Figure 9.9 Dental extraction forceps: (left to right) curved tips, small bre...Figure 9.10 Periosteal elevator: double‐ended with Molt #4 and Molt #2.Figure 9.11 LaGrange tissue scissors.Figure 9.12 Tissue forceps: rat‐tooth and Adson (Adson‐Brown).Figure 9.13 Castroviejo needle drivers.Figure 9.14 Monofilament suture material.Figure 9.15 Lip retractor.Figure 9.16 Cube piezotome.Figure 9.17 Sharpening the inside curve of a winged elevator on the rounded ...Figure 9.18 Sharpening the edge of a periosteal elevator.Figure 9.19 Placing the cutting edge of a curette at a 90° angle to the ston...Figure 9.20 Adjusting the head 20° to facilitate sharpening the edge at the ...Figure 9.21 Daily lubrication is needed for high‐speed handpieces.Figure 9.22 Place the oil in the air inlet only (the smaller of the two larg...Figure 9.23 Dental elevators: new one on left (though edge is not sharp); ol...Figure 9.24 Hand curettes: new one on right; old one on left, where use and ...
10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Radiograph of developing permanent fourth premolar beneath the d...Figure 10.2 Multiple persistent deciduous teeth, including the maxillary can...Figure 10.3 Permanent mandibular incisors and canines erupting lingual to th...
11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Bilateral firm painful mandibular swellings.Figure 11.2 Extensive periosteal new bone formation (exostoses) affecting bo...
12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Generalized enamel hypocalcification defects including the incis...Figure 12.2 Local or focal influences (e.g. trauma, even from deciduous toot...Figure 12.3 Generalized enamel hypocalcification of mandibular teeth.Figure 12.4 Radiograph of teeth shown in Figure 12.3 showing extensive root ...
13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Operculum covering mandibular incisors and canines.Figure 13.2 Apparently missing right mandibular first premolar (406).Figure 13.3 Radiograph of site in Figure 13.2 shows unerupted first premolar...Figure 13.4 Extensive operculum covering left mandibular premolars and molar...Figure 13.5 Operculectomy excision with flap repositioned and closed.
14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Bilaterally missing mandibular first premolar, confirmed radiogr...Figure 14.2 Nine‐month old Chinese crested presented (for neutering) with 11...
15 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 Bilateral supernumerary mandibular third incisors with crowding....Figure 15.2 Supernumerary right mandibular fourth premolars in a cat.Figure 15.3 Radiograph of a cat mandible with indistinct tooth structure cau...Figure 15.4 Once the fourth premolar is extracted, the retained roots of the...Figure 15.5 Even with two supernumerary maxillary incisors there is no crowd...
16 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 Extensive dilaceration at the palatal aspect of the right maxill...Figure 16.2 Small‐breed abnormal mandibular first molar with defect at the n...Figure 16.3 Radiograph of abnormal mandibular first molar with slight conver...
17 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 Formation of a nonpainful soft swelling at the site of a missing...Figure 17.2 Radiolucent unilocular (single‐compartment) cyst originating fro...Figure 17.3 (a, b) Surgical extraction of an unerupted tooth.
18 Chapter 18Figure 18.1 (a) Overlapping flap technique for congenital secondary cleft pa...Figure 18.2 (a) Chronic oronasal communication secondary to gunshot trauma. ...Figure 18.3 (a) Buccal mucosal flap elevated for (b) closure of a lateral ha...Figure 18.4 (a) Oronasal communication (arrow) following maxillectomy for fi...Figure 18.5 (a) Chronic oronasal communication in a cat. (b) A silastic naso...
19 Chapter 19Figure 19.1 An ideal occlusion on a model.Figure 19.2 Evaluating a deciduous malocclusion by assessing incisor and can...Figure 19.3 Labioversion of 404, with tip of crown contacting palate; (mild ...Figure 19.4 Significant base‐narrow canine in addition to, or because of, a ...Figure 19.5 Class 3 malocclusion.Figure 19.6 Mild to moderate mesioversion (rostroversion) of mandibular cani...Figure 19.7 Delayed loss of deciduous mandibular canines has caused the perm...Figure 19.8 Class 2 malocclusion with trauma to palate from mandibular canin...Figure 19.9 A Class 2 malocclusion in this puppy was managed by carefully ex...Figure 19.10 Brachycephalic feline breeds may present with a deciduous maloc...Figure 19.11 Mixed dentition malocclusion with multiple issues: persistent d...Figure 19.12 Select extraction of deciduous teeth and any incisors that migh...Figure 19.13 With mild linguoversion of mandibular canines, if a gingivoplas...Figure 19.14 With moderate linguoversion of mandibular canines, additional t...Figure 19.15 With severe linguoversion of mandibular canines, particularly i...Figure 19.16 In the patient with the deciduous malocclusion and interceptive...
20 Chapter 20Figure 20.1 Intraoral radiograph of the dog left maxilla demonstrating each ...Figure 20.2 Intraoral radiographs of dog (a) and cat (b) with PD stage 0–1. ...Figure 20.3 Intraoral radiographs of dog (a) and cat (b) with PD stage 2. (a...Figure 20.4 Intraoral radiographs of dog (a) and cat (b) with PD stage 3 rad...Figure 20.5 Intraoral radiographs of dog (a) and cat (b) with PD stage 4. (a...
21 Chapter 21Figure 21.1 Gingival hyperplasia is an overgrowth of the gingival margin tha...Figure 21.2 Gingiva thickened in a labial to lingual direction at the mandib...Figure 21.3 While not true gingival hyperplasia, local irritations such as p...Figure 21.4 (a) Measure the extent of the pocket with the periodontal probe....Figure 21.5 Crown and collar scissors used to follow the depth of the pseudo...Figure 21.6 A 12‐fluted bur can be used to remove smaller amounts of enlarge...Figure 21.7 Identify and follow the likely position of the original attached...Figure 21.8 Make a reverse bevel incision just inside the attached