during the height of the Egyptian New Kingdom. The monuments show the pharaohs of the days of Moses followed these customs.
Also what about the historical Hebrew traditions? Did the memory of Moses survive for millennia? Was it a real or a fictional character? Let’s see some:
1 Silver scrolls found in a Hebrew tomb from the 7th century BC, prior to the time of the captivity, which contained passages from the Pentateuch.
2 More than a hundred papyri from the 5th century BC found in Elephantine, Egypt produced by the Jewish community there.
3 The Arsham scrolls, containing letters to Persian governors sent to Egypt.
4 THE Samaritan Pentateuch dating from the 4th century BC
5 The Egyptian historian Maneton (3rd century BC)
6 The Greek Septuagint or version of the seventies written in Greek in Alexandria, Egypt, in the time of Ptolemy Philadelphus (285-246 BC)
7 And the writings of the Hellenistic king Antiochus (164-167 BC)
8 To these they add other Greco-Roman sources such as Diosoro, Hecateo de Andera, Lisimaco de Alejandría, Eupolemo, Tacito and Numenio, who attribute to Moses the institution of the code of laws of the Hebrew people.
But it is also possible that no remains of the Israelites are found because they are looking at the wrong time. The departure in times of Ramses II is not derived from the bible or the internal chronology. Considering the biblical reference that “Israel worked in the construction of the cities of Pitom and Raamses (Exodus 1:11), some historians place it in the XIX Dynasty whose pharaohs (Sethi I and Ramses II) carried out a great construction activity in the delta of the Nile. And in that sense they point to an inscription from the time of Ramses II in which they speak of “Pr”, that is to say, Semites, as “those who drag the stone blocks for the great fortress of the city Pi -Ramses-Meri-Amon ”.
However, considering that the place of these sites, Piton (House of Atum) and Raamses, has not been categorically identified; and that actually the biblical text says that the Hebrews made bricks, not that they dragged stones. Another aspect they overlook is that the name Ramses was already in use in the 18th century BC, so there is no reason to suppose that the use of that name in the Bible has to do with Ramses II (1290-1230). During his reign there were already several cities bearing that name.
In this regard, the historian BD Redforf says: “It does not seem that the biblical Ramses and the capital PR R-ms-sw ´Per-Ramses´ have more in common than the name.” Due to the total absence of corroborating evidence, extreme caution must be exercised before equating locations. Note that Josephus in his Jewish Antiquities says that the Hebrews departed from Letopolis, near Memphis, and not Per Ramses. The name Ramses himself is inscribed on a painting of the tomb of Pharaoh Amenhotep III, who ruled almost 100 years before Ramses II. The date that seems probable to us must be placed two centuries earlier, in the environment of the expulsion of the Asians. Which is why unearthing the archaeological evidence for the life of Moses and the Israelites in Egypt depends in part on searching in the right place and at the right time, which I estimate is not being done.
So when did Moses live? If we are guided by the internal chronology of the Bible, Moses must have lived between the 16th or 15th centuries BC. C., which would coincide with the time when the hapiru were taken captive in Egypt, around the reign of Amenophis II (16th century), or a century later, in the 13th century BC But, not a few wonder, how can I The figure of Moses being united with that of Akhenaten, the memory of this pharaoh had been erased from Egyptian history long before the birth of Moses. If Moses lived a century after Akhenaten, there was no longer any memory of his feat. Only his was contemporary could there be a relationship.
Lein asks a bit confused:
Was Ramses II the Pharaoh of the Jewish Exodus?
Well inevitably we must talk about him, as we saw he ruled in the City of Pi-Ramsés. He married Nefertari Meryetmut, the great royal wife, and had several children over a hundred according to some historians, but with her only seven, the first-born would be the one who died during the last plague sent by the god of Moses, if this were Pharaoh of the narration.
But Ramses II could not be the pharaoh of the Jewish exodus, since the data and years do not coincide. The Bible says that the Israelites built Rameses and since Rameses II ruled during the years 1290-1224 BC, he built a royal city called Pi-Rameses, many assume that this was the mentioned pharaoh, however some recent excavations at this site indicate that this city was occupied much earlier by the Egyptians.
Exactly 150 years apart. Now although the Bible does not specifically identify the pharaoh mentioned in Exodus by name, it does say the exact date of the exodus.
1 Kings states that Solomon began building the Temple during the fourth to his reign, 480 years after the exodus. Most Bible scholars agree that the fourth year of Solomon’s reign was 967 BC. C.
So the date of the exodus can be calculated to be 1447 BC And according to history, Pharaoh Ramses did not begin his reign until around 1290 BC. C., so that it could not be the pharaoh mentioned in the Exodus.
The theory promoted by Prime Minister of Israel Meanachem Begin in 1977 that the Israelites were the slaves used to build the pyramids is also not true. It is an argument that neither accepts nor criticizes, since historians and archaeologists assure that the pyramids were built between the 27th and 24th centuries BC. C. Hundreds of years before the arrival of the Jews in Egypt. Indeed, the Moses on which the story is based once existed and is estimated to have been between the 14th and 13th centuries BC. C.
The Old Testament does not specify which pharaoh reigned over Egypt at the time of Moses. Depending on which history book we read, there are two possible candidates. The first is Amenhotep II (1450-1425 BC), son of Tuthmosis III (1490-1450 or 1436 BC) as the other possible candidate.
If Tuthmosis II was the pharaoh from whom Moses fled, it is possible that Tuthmosis III was the pharaoh of the Exodus. The Jewish historian Flavius Josephus wrote the following: “It happened that the pharaoh, from whom Moses had fled, died and a new ruler took his place.”
After the death of Tuthmosis II, his son, not the one he had with Hatshepsut, became the pharaoh. If Tuthmosis III ruled jointly with Queen Hatshepsut until her death in 1482 BC. He then ruled alone until about 1480 BC.
It is also known that Tuthmosis III was so jealous of the acts performed by Queen Hatshepsut that one of his first acts, after she died, was to purge her name from almost all the monuments of Egypt.
Although the Bible does not mention these events, Josephus states, “There was a state of war between Egyptians and Ethiopians. By that time Moses had grown up and became a man.
The two sides participated in a terrible battle in which the Ethiopians were victorious and went on trying to conquer Egypt. The Egyptians seeking help, questioned their priests and they revealed that they should appoint Moses their general. Thus it was that Moses became a general or commander of the great Egyptian army. In a surprise attack on the Ethiopians, Moses led his troops to victory.
It may be that Tuthmosis III, jealous of Moses’ victory over the Ethiopians, credited him. Josephus also writes: “Then the Pharaoh from whom Moses had fled died and another ruler took power. Moses traveled to his palace and reminded him of the victories he had won for Egypt in the war against the Ethiopians. He also spoke to Pharaoh about what had happened to him on Mount Sinai and when Pharaoh laughed, Moses showed him signs. “
According to the Bible, after the ten plagues that God had sent against Egypt, Israel was able to leave there, but Pharaoh was at the head of his army to pursue them to the Red Sea.
According to Psalm 136: 13-15: “To him who divided the Red Sea into parts and made Israel pass through it, and drove Pharaoh and his army into the Red Sea.” This passage shows that the pharaoh died in the incident. So in that case the date of the Exodus in 1447 BC, which is recorded in the Bible, is synonymous with the death of Pharaoh Tuthmosis III, which most historians estimate to have taken place in 1450 BC.
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