Moses fled from Tuthmosis III, and that the pharaoh of the exodus his son Amenhotep II, although there is a gap of 66 years here, let’s sees.
A surprising fact related to Amenhotep II was that his successor was neither his first-born nor his heir.
This is confirmed by Exodus 4: 22-23 “And you shall say to Pharaoh: The Lord has thus said Israel is my son, my firstborn. I have already told you to let my son (town) go to serve me, but you have not wanted to serve me, but you have not wanted to let him go; here I am going to kill your son, your firstborn”.
The chronology makes the Exodus coincide with the reign of Amenhotep II, namely the year 1513 BC (66 years back).
The truth is that both pharaohs had a great army and that they led Egypt to great conquests. Something that did not happen after them, their successors Tutmosis IV, Amenhotep III and Amenhotep IV (Akheanton) in which Egypt drastically ceases its war campaigns and opts for much more peaceful relations with its neighbors.
From the reign of Tutmosis IV, changes began to be made that led to the Amarna religious crisis as Amarna was the new place of worship established by Akhenaten.
Biblical researchers in the late 19th century viewed Amenhotep II as the pharaoh of the exodus, but criticism from secular historians who preferred to locate Ramses II left Amenhotep II aside, even though Ramses II does not fit the bill. Biblical chronology, nor has any foundation since his mummy was found and rested in the Valley of the Kings and the Pharaoh of the exodus ended up under the waters of the Red Sea.
Another relevant fact is that Tutmosis IV ascended the throne unexpectedly, when his father Amenhotep II died, not being the first-born. There is no secular explanation that can explain it or say that it happened.
The mummy of Amenhotep II seems not to have been found, the mummy that they say would be of him, is not well identified and there are doubts regarding Amenhotep II. On the other hand, other mummies like those of Tutmosis III are well confirmed.
During Akhenaten’s reign (approximately 50 years after the death of Amenhotep II), the Egyptian ambassadors informed him that they were no longer respected by the nations (probably due to the humiliations received against monkeys from the god of the Hebrews and the losses suffered).
The biblical account also harmonizes with secular history in many details, for example: The pharaoh who got up in time and did not know Joseph would be Tuthmosis I. This would be the one who ordered to kill the babies and Moses was saved in the river and the princess who rescued him and adopted Moses, would be Hats h epsut herself. The pharaoh who tried to kill Moses when he found out that he had killed an Egyptians would be Tuthmosis III. His reign was one of the longest (more than 50 years), coinciding with the following statement from Exodus 2:23 “And during those many days it happened that the king of Egypt finally died, but the children of Israel continued to sigh because of of slavery”. And the pharaoh who succeeded him was precisely Amenhotep II, who was known for following the same policy as his father.
The campaign of Tuthmosis III to erase the memory of Hatshepsut and Senenmut occurred several decades after her death, about 40 years after the death of Amenhotep II, when they had enough reasons to hate them (to him for being the guilty of her misfortunes and her for having cared for and protected Moses during the first 40 years).
As we see there are many points in common that would indicate Amenhotep II as the pharaoh of the exodus (for example the story of the Hyksos, which harmonizes perfectly with this chronology and with these events).
Thus it is clear that in the time of Moses Pharaoh Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV) had not yet been born. As many agree, they are at least 100 years apart.
Now, the case of Akhenaten (1350-1334 BC) is different in this sense, because the direct proofs about his existence (monuments, inscriptions, reliefs, statues, etc.) are quite abundant, but what is unnecessary to go deeper into this aspect . However, on the contrary, the personality of the Egyptian reformer is very controversial. The pendulum has swung from considering him an idealistic, ultra-pacifist dreamer, disinterested in worldly affairs, to seeing him as a power-hungry tyrant seeking to impose his absolute authority in Egypt. Recently Nicolas Reeve (2002), director of the royal tombs project of Tell El-Amarna (ancient capital of the god Aton - Ajetaton) shows very documented a pharaoh who was not exactly Moses (as if Freud assumed) but rather a sectarian, victim of his own fantasies who failed to want to impose his religion. Since we could continue with the hypotheses, the figure of Akhenaten is very ambiguous.
Many let their imagination and thoughts fly when dealing with the origin of monotheism, and the links between Moses and Akhenaten. They are often built on false assumptions and hypotheses, without any historical basis. And in their eagerness to point out similarities between the religion of Akhenaten and that of Moses, they elude the fundamental question, was Akhenaten really Monothelite?
A “unique God” also sometimes refers to other Egyptian gods in different respects. It was a fairly common attribution among the gods. One of those cases is clear that of Amun, Aton’s rival. In one of the hymns dedicated to Amun it is said that this god is: “(...) the one who is unique and whose arms are numerous” and then in another place he says that he is: “The One and Only, creator of what exists “And” the Only King, Unique among the gods, with multiple names, whose number is unknown. “
Also in a stela at Gizeh this concept about Amun is reiterated. From what we see Akhenaten attributes to Aton qualities that Amun also has.
A hymn from the time of Amenhotep III begins by talking about the: “Adoration of Amun, when he rises in Harakhti, by the directors of workers Amun, Seth and Horis: health to you, beautiful of Ra of every day (...)”.
In this sense, it is also worth remembering the Hymn to Osiris, from the time of Amenophis III, in which the praises of Ra were sung and Aton was invoked:
“Cheers to you, Aton of the day, which also recalls the oldest solar hymn of Merikara. Only the protocol granted to Harakhti is new. Ra, Harakhti and Shu made up a kind of trinity of heaven. At one point early in his reign he shows Aton of the day with the head of a hawk on a man’s body, with a red sun disk. It is the traditional image of the Harakhti under the name of Shu who is Aton”.
As we see both Amon and Aton are attributed a link with Ra and Horajthu, that is, Horus, adding in the case of Aton a relationship with the god Shu.
Osiris, popular god, also participated in the fusion movement. There was no rejection of the Osirian cult by Akhenaten, as has sometimes been suggested.
Then Akheanton was not monotheistic, although he worshiped the solar disk and its rays.
Others have compared the similarities of the Hymn of Aton and Psalm 104.
“The sun knows well where it sets. You (God) keep the darkness so that it becomes night” (v19-20)
The truth is that the psalms were finished writing in 460 BC, about a thousand years after Akheanton, when the monarch had been completely forgotten.
Therefore, any claim that the monotheism of the writings of Moses stemmed from Egyptian influence is without foundation.
Akhenaten’s Atonism was not entirely monotheistic as we saw; only that Egyptian society was not prepared for a single god of absolutely all things in Akhenaten’s time.
Egypt only had a single god when they were under Roman rule and Christianity spread throughout the Nile. Like today in which Orthodox Christianity is still professed together with Islam.
What about the unknown life of Queen Nefertiti? Adds Anne.
Thomas reminds her when she located him in Berlin; he was better inspecting the queen’s bust.
If she answers of course, I convinced you to come to Egypt and you will help me with the note about the inauguration of the National Museum of Egyptiam Civilization (MMEC).
I contemplated that bust overwhelmed by so much beauty, but its history is even more incredible, since it is believed that I came to be one of the Pharaoh Queens who ruled this vast ancient