in the Persian Period. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, pp. 399–411.
67 Pearce, L.E. (2011). ‘Judean’: a special status in neo‐Babylonian and Achemenid Babylonia? In O. Lipschits, G.N. Knoppers, and M. Oeming (eds.), Judah and the Judeans in the Achaemenid Period. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, pp. 267–277.
68 Pearce, L.E., Wunsch, C. (2014). Documents of Judean Exiles and West Semites in Babylonia in the Collection of David Sofer, Cornell University Studies in Assyriology and Sumerology 28. Bethsida: CDL Press.
69 Porten, B., Yardeni, A. (1986–1999). Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt (TADAE) A–D. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.
70 Porten, B., Yardeni, A. (2006). Social, economic, and onomastic issues in the Aramaic ostraca of the fourth century B.C.E. In O. Lipschits, M. Oeming (eds.), Judah and the Judeans in the Persian Period. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, pp. 457–488.
71 Schwiderski, D. (2000). Handbuch des nordwestsemitischen Briefformulars: Ein Beitrag zur Echtheitsfrage der aramäischen Briefe des Esrabuchs, Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 295. Berlin, New York: de Gruyter.
72 Spaer, A. (1986/7). Jaddua the high priest? Israel Numismatic Journal, 9, pp. 1–3.
73 Stern, E. (1982). Material Culture of the Land of the Bible in the Persian Period 538–332 B.C. Jerusalem/Warminster: Israel Exploration Society/Aris & Philips.
74 Vanderkam, J.C. (1991). Jewish high priests of the Persian period: is the list complete? In G.A. Anderson, S.M. Olyan, Priesthood and Cult in Ancient Israel, Journal for the Study of the Old Testament: Supplements 125. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, pp. 67–91.
75 Watts, J.W. (ed.) (2001). Persia and Torah: The Theory of Imperial Authorization of the Pentateuch, Society of Biblical Literature Symposium Series 17. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature.
76 Willi, T. (1995). Juda – Jehud – Israel: Studien zum Selbstverständnis des Judentums in persischer Zeit, Forschungen zum Alten Testament 12. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.
77 Williamson, H.G.M. (2004). Studies in Persian Period History and Historiography, Forschungen zum Alten Testament 38. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.
78 Wright, J.L. (2004). Rebuilding Identity: The Nehemiah‐Memoir and its Earliest Readers, Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 348. Berlin, New York: de Gruyter.
79 Wunsch, C., Pearce L.E. (forthcoming). Judeans by the Waters of Babylon: New Historical Evidence in Cuneiform Sources from Rural Babylonia. Texts from the Schøyen Collection, Babylonische Archive 6. Dresden: ISLET.
80 Zengellér, J. (ed.) (2011). Samaria, Samarians, Samaritans: Studies on Bible, History, and Linguistics, Studia Judaica: Forschungen zur Wissenschaft des Judentums 66, Berlin: de Gruyter.
FURTHER READING
1 Grabbe, L.L. (2004). A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period, Vol. 1, Yehud: A History of the Persian Province of Judah. London/New York: T&T Clark International. Provides a solid introduction to the material and the scholarly discussion.
2 Lemaire, A. (2015). Levantine Epigraphy and History in the Achaemenid Period (539–333 BCE), The Schweich Lectures of the British Academy 2013. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Gives a thorough overview of the epigraphical material.
3 Dušek, J. (2007). Les manuscrits araméens du Wadi Daliyeh et la Samarie vers 450–332 av. J.‐C., Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 30. Leiden: Brill. Offers an excellent new edition of the Samarian material and brilliant historical evaluations in the context of the Samarian as well as the Judaean history.
4 Dušek, J. (2012). Aramaic and Hebrew Inscriptions from Mt. Gerizim and Samaria between Antiochus III and Antiochus IV Epiphanes, Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 54. Leiden: Brill. Offers another excellent new edition of the Samarian material and brilllant historical evaluations in the context of the Samarian as well as the Judaean history.
5 Hallaschka, M. (2011). Haggai und Sacharja 1–8: Eine redaktionsgeschichtliche Untersuchung, Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 411. Berlin, New York: de Gruyter. Provides an excellent analysis of the prophetic books Haggai and Zechariah.
6 Grätz, S. (2004). Das Edikt des Artaxerxes. Eine Untersuchung zum religionspolitischen und historischen Umfeld von Esra 7, 12–26, Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 337. Berlin, New York: de Gruyter. Provides an excellent analysis of the book of Ezra.
7 Wright, J.L. (2004). Rebuilding Identity: The Nehemiah‐Memoir and its Earliest Readers, Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 348. Berlin, New York: de Gruyter. Provides an excellent analysis of the book of Nehemiah.
8 Kratz, R.G. (2015). Historical and Biblical Israel: The History, Tradition, and Archives of Israel and Judah (trans. P.M. Kurtz). Oxford: Oxford University Press. German version (2013, 2017). Historisches und biblisches Israel: Drei Überblicke zum Alten Testament. Tübingen: Siebeck Mohr. Offers three generally intelligible sketches, one on the history of Israel (Samaria) and Judah (Yehud) in pre‐ and post‐exilic times, a second on the growth and history of the literary tradition of the Hebrew Bible, and a third on Jewish archives in Persian and Hellenistic times (Elephantine, Al‐Yahudu, Qumran, Gerizim, Jerusalem, Alexandria).
Four volumes of collected articles on Judaism in the Achaemenid period:
1 Galling, K. (1964). Studien zur Geschichte Israels im persischen Zeitalter. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. Offers deep and lucid historical investigations on Judaism in the Achaemenid period.
2 Williamson, H.G.M. (2004). Studies in Persian Period History and Historiography (Forschungen zum Alten Testament 38). Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. Offers brillant studies on history and historiography.
3 Kratz, R.G. (2004). Das Judentum im Zeitalter des Zweiten Tempels, Forschungen zum Alten Testament 42; study ed. 2006; 2nd ed. 2013. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. Provides articles on history and tradition.
4 Becking, B. (2011). Ezra, Nehemiah, and the Construction of Early Jewish Identity, Forschungen zum Alten Testament 80. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. Concentrates mainly on Ezra‐Nehemiah and the question of Judaean or Jewish identity.
NOTE
1 1 English translation Anselm C. Hagedorn (Berlin). This manuscript was completed in 2012, the literature was updated in 2017.
CHAPTER 11 Phoenician Sources
Josette Elayi
It is paradoxical that the Phoenicians who invented the alphabet have left relatively few inscriptions, compared with the Greeks for example. However, we know from the historian Flavius Josephus (see Chapter 14 Greek and Latin Sources) that Tyre used to write annals of the main events, as other cities probably did. In fact, hundreds of Phoenician inscriptions dated from the Persian period have been discovered, but most of them are very short. Monumental inscriptions are not frequent, on the one hand because many stones from ancient Lebanese sites have disappeared in lime‐kilns, on the other hand because the Phoenicians probably used to write on perishable supports, not preserved due to humid and salty soils. The main difficulty in consulting Phoenician inscriptions is the absence of a global corpus. Only partial corpuses exist for some categories of inscriptions and most Phoenician inscriptions are scattered in various publications or remain unpublished (Donner and Röllig 1973: pp. 10–62; Gibson 1982: pp. 93–141; Elayi and Sapin 2000: pp. 113–123, 363–366, 463–465, 609–611, 689–690; Pisano and Travaglini 2003: pp. 59–79).1
The Inscriptions of the Four Main Phoenician Cities
Sidonian