Callahan, “When Self‐Determination Runs Amok,” pp. 52–55 from Hastings Center Report 22: 2 (March/April 1992). Reproduced with permission of John Wiley & Sons.
42 John Lachs, “When Abstract Moralizing Runs Amok,” pp. 10–13 from The Journal of Clinical Ethics 5: 1 (Spring 1994). Reproduced with permission of The Journal of Clinical Ethics.
43 Bonnie Steinbock, “Physician‐Assisted Death and Severe, Treatment‐Resistant Depression,” pp. 30−42 from Hastings Center Report 47: 5 (2017), updated by the author for this edition (2021). Reproduced with permission of John Wiley & Sons.
44 William Rooney, Udo Schüklenk, and Suzanne van de Vathorst, “Are Concerns about Irremediableness, Vulnerability, or Competence Sufficient to Exclude All Psychiatric Patients from Medical Aid in Dying?” pp. 326–343 from Health Care Analysis 26 (2018). Reproduced with permission of Springer Nature.
45 Peter Singer and Lucy Winkett, “The Duel: Is It More Important to Save Younger Lives?, Prospect, May 4, 2020. Reproduced courtesy of the authors and Prospect magazine.
46 John Harris, “The Value of Life,” pp. 87–102 from The Value of Life (London: Routledge, 1985). © 1985 Routledge. Reproduced with permission of Taylor & Francis Books UK.
47 Nick Beckstead and Toby Ord, “Bubbles under the Wallpaper: Healthcare Rationing and Discrimination,” a paper presented to the conference “Valuing Lives” New York University, March 5, 2011, © Nick Beckstead and Toby Ord, reproduced with permission of the authors. The chapter draws on Nick Beckstead and Toby Ord, “Rationing and Rationality: The Cost of Avoiding Discrimination,” pp. 232−239 from N. Eyal et al. (eds.), Inequalities in Health: Concepts, Measures, and Ethics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013). Reproduced with permission of Oxford University Press.
48 Paul T. Menzel, “Rescuing Lives: Can’t We Count?” pp. 22–23 from Hastings Center Report 24: 1 (1994). Reproduced with permission of John Wiley & Sons.
49 Alvin H. Moss and Mark Siegler, “Should Alcoholics Compete Equally for Liver Transplantation?” pp. 1295–1298 from Journal of the American Medical Association 265: 10 (1991). © 1991 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.
50 Eike‐Henner W. Kluge, “Organ Donation and Retrieval: Whose Body Is It Anyway?” © 1999 Eike‐Henner W. Kluge.
51 Janet Radcliffe‐Richards et al., “The Case for Allowing Kidney Sales,” pp. 1950–1952 from The Lancet 351: 9120 (June 27, 1998). Reproduced with permission of Elsevier.
52 Debra Satz, “Ethical Issues in the Supply and Demand of Human Kidneys,” pp. 189–206 from Why Some Things Should Not Be for Sale: The Moral Limits of Markets (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010). based on an article from Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 2 (2010). Reproduced with permission of Oxford University Press and the Aristotelian Society.
53 John Harris, “The Survival Lottery,” pp. 81–87 from Philosophy 50 (1975). © 1975 Royal Institute of Philosophy. Reproduced with permission of Cambridge University Press.
54 National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, “The Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research,” 1978, pp. 1–20. Public domain.
55 John Harris, “Scientific Research Is a Moral Duty,” pp. 242–248 from Journal of Medical Ethics 31: 4 (2005). Reproduced with permission of BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.
56 Sandra Shapshay and Kenneth D. Pimple, “Participation in Research Is an Imperfect Moral Duty: A Response to John Harris,” pp. 414–417 from Journal of Medical Ethics 33 (2007). Reproduced with permission of BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.
57 Peter Lurie and Sidney M. Wolfe, “Unethical Trials of Interventions to Reduce Perinatal Transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Developing Countries,” pp. 853–856 from New England Journal of Medicine 337: 12 (September 1997). © 1997 Massachusetts Medical Society. Reproduced with permission of Massachusetts Medical Society.
58 Danstan Bageda and Philippa Musoke‐Mudido, “We’re Trying to Help Our Sickest People, Not Exploit Them,” from The Washington Post, September 28, 1997. © 1997 Washington Post Company. All rights reserved.
59 Richard Yetter Chappell and Peter Singer, “Pandemic Ethics: The Case for Risky Research,” pp. 1–8 from Research Ethics 16: 3–4 (2020). Reproduced with permission of Sage Publications Ltd.
60 Immanuel Kant, “Duties towards Animals,” pp. 239–241 from Lectures on Ethics, trans. Louis Infield (London: Methuen, 1930).
61 Jeremy Bentham, “A Utilitarian View,” section XVIII, IV from An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, First published c. 1820. Public domain.
62 Nathan Nobis, “Harmful, Nontherapeutic Use of Animals in Research is Morally Wrong,” pp. 297−304 from American Journal of the Medical Sciences 342: 4 (October 2011). Reproduced with permission of Elsevier.
63 Dario L. Ringach, “Use of Nonhuman Animals in Biomedical Research,” pp. 305–313 from American Journal of the Medical Sciences 342: 4 (October 2011). Reproduced with permission of Elsevier.
64 Carolyn P. Neuhaus, “Ethical Issues When Modelling Brain Disorders in Non‐Human Primates,” pp. 323–327 from Journal of Medical Ethics 44. Reproduced with permission of BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.
65 John Stuart Mill, “Of the Liberty of Thought and Discussion” (extract) from On Liberty, chapter II. First published 1859. Public domain.
66 Janet A. Kourany, “Should Some Knowledge be Forbidden: The Case of Cognitive Differences Research,” pp. 779–790 from Philosophy of Science 83 (December 2016). Reproduced with permission of University of Chicago Press.
67 James R. Flynn, “Academic Freedom and Race: You Ought Not to Believe What You Think May Be True,” pp. 127–131 from Journal of Criminal Justice 59 (2018). Reproduced with permission of Elsevier.
68 Michael J. Selgelid, “Ethics and Infectious Disease,” pp. 272–289 from Bioethics 19: 3 (2005). Reproduced with permission of John Wiley & Sons.
69 Jerome Amir Singh, Ross Upshur, and Nesri Padayatchi, “XDR‐TB in South Africa: No Time for Denial or Complacency,” PLoS Medicine 4: 1 (2007): e50. © 2007 Singh et al. Open access / CC BY 4.0.
70 Excerpted from Vijayaprasad Gopichandran, “Clinical Ethics During the Covid‐19 Pandemic: Missing the Trees for the Forest,” pp. 1–5 from Indian Journal of Medical Ethics 5: 3 (2020).
71 Alberto Giubilini, Thomas Douglas, and Julian Savulescu, “The Moral Obligation to be Vaccinated: Utilitarianism, Contractualism and Collective Easy Rescue,” pp. 547–560 from Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 21 (2018). © 2018 Alberto Giubilini, Thomas Douglas, and Julian Savulescu. Springer Nature /Open access.
72 Neil Levy, “Taking Responsibility for Responsibility,” pp. 108–113 from Public Health Ethics 12: 2 (July 2019). Oxford University Press / Open access.
73 Udo Schüklenk, “What Healthcare Professionals Owe Us: Why Their Duty to Treat During a Pandemic is Contingent on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE),” pp. 432–435 from Journal of Medical Ethics 46: 7 (2020).
74 Mark R. Wicclair, “Conscientious Objection in Health Care,” in Hugh LaFollette (ed.), Ethics in Practice: An Anthology, Fifth Edition (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley‐Blackwell, 2020). Reproduced with permission of John Wiley & Sons.
75 Udo Schüklenk, “Conscientious Objection in Medicine: Accommodation Versus Professionalism and the Public Good,” pp. 47–56 from British Medical Bulletin 126 (2018).
76 Mark Siegler, “Confidentiality in Medicine: A Decrepit Concept,” pp. 1518–1521 from New England Journal of Medicine 307: 24 (December 1982). © 1982 Massachusetts Medical Society. Reproduced with permission of Massachusetts Medical Society.
77 Kenneth Kipnis, “A Defense of Unqualified Medical Confidentiality,” pp. 7–18 from American Journal of