in the neurological examination with ageing Cognitive changes with ageing References CHAPTER 7: Physical fitness and exercise Introduction What is physical activity or exercise? Physical inactivity versus exercise Inter‐individual variability in response to exercise (non‐responder phenomenon) Does exercise increase life expectancy? Physical function as a biomarker of healthy ageing and objective of exercise programmes Preserving exercise capacity with age via an active lifestyle Optimisation of body composition with ageing Role of exercise and physical activity in bone health and fracture risk Role of exercise and physical activity in adipose tissue accretion and distribution Role of exercise in preserving muscle mass with age Promotion of psychological well‐being Exercise and cognitive function Disease prevention through exercise Summary of exercise recommendations References CHAPTER 8: Health literacy and cultural sensitivity Introduction The importance of health literacy in health care Factors that influence health literacy The role of education in health literacy Educational strategies to improve health literacy Cultural sensitivity in geriatrics Common areas of conflict or misunderstanding in the clinical encounter Increasing cultural sensitivity in the clinical encounter Resources References PART 2: Medicine and Prescribing in Old Age CHAPTER 9: Preventive geriatrics Introduction Background The Health Maintenance Clinical Glidepath References CHAPTER 10: Polypharmacy and deprescribing in older adults Introduction Ageing physiology affects medication efficacy and tolerance Tools for medication management Principles of appropriate prescribing Conclusion References CHAPTER 11: Patient safety Introduction What happens after an adverse event? Patient safety and older people Priorities for improving the safety and quality of care for older people Conclusion Acknowledgement References SECTION 1: Eating Disorders and Nutritional Health CHAPTER 12: Nutrition and healthy ageing: Emphasis on brain, bone, and muscle Introduction Body weight and composition Body mass index, weight loss, and ageing Central adiposity and healthy ageing Fluid status, dehydration, and healthy ageing Bone loss, nutrition, and healthy ageing Energy intake, macronutrients, and satiety in ageing Determinants of dietary preference and intake among older adults Dietary patterns and nutritional status associated with healthy ageing Dietary patterns associated with healthy cognitive ageing Nutritional status and healthy ageing Dietary guidelines and clinical applications References CHAPTER 13: The anorexia of aging Introduction Causes of undernutrition in older people Hormones and neurotransmitters: a selective review Chronic disease and anorexia in older adults Environment and social determinants of health
