and risk stratification Bleeding and recurrent VTE Conclusion References SECTION 5: Respiratory Diseases CHAPTER 38: Epidemiologic and pathophysiologic overview of respiratory infections Introduction Host factors Environmental factors References CHAPTER 39: Pneumonia Introduction Causative agents Clinical presentation of pneumonia in the elderly Differential diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infection Hospitalization and further investigations in elderly people with a suspected diagnosis of community‐acquired pneumonia Therapy of pneumonia in the elderly Prevention of pneumonia in the elderly Further reading CHAPTER 40: Aspiration pneumonia Introduction Pathophysiology Risk factors for aspiration Clinical presentation Diagnosis Management and prevention of aspiration Acknowledgements References CHAPTER 41: The COVID‐19 pandemic in older people Introduction Coronaviruses COVID‐19 in older people Prevention Ethical issues Future perspectives Conclusion References CHAPTER 42: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma Ageing mechanisms in the lungs Generalities on lung function testing in the elderly Inhalation techniques and adherence improvement issues Polypathology and polypharmacy in elderly respiratory patients Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Asthma References CHAPTER 43: Pulmonary rehabilitation Introduction Organization Patient selection Components of pulmonary rehabilitation Outcomes Maintenance following pulmonary rehabilitation Summary References SECTION 6: CNS Disorders CHAPTER 44: Neurological signs of ageing Introduction: interpreting ageing changes Neurological signs of ageing Reflexes Station and gait: postural responses Sensorimotor function: sensory systems Cognitive function Conclusions References CHAPTER 45: Sleep apnoea and sleep disorders Introduction Basic sleep concepts Main sleep alterations in seniors Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Restless legs syndrome (RLS) and periodic leg movement during sleep (PLMS) REM sleep behaviour disorder Circadian rhythm sleep disorders Insomnia References CHAPTER 46: Normal pressure hydrocephalus Introduction Diagnostic modalities CSF flow and CSF flow rate Prognostic tests Diagnostic criteria of NPH
