href="#ulink_a268f6fc-d998-5552-8b17-400468ebbff5">Iatrogenic impact Conclusion References CHAPTER 14: Weight loss Introduction Weight loss and frailty Weight loss and sarcopenia The relationship of weight loss to mortality Effect of weight loss on comorbid conditions Weight loss, a hallmark of malnutrition Starvation Cachexia Anorexia The use of the Mini‐Nutritional Assessment (MNA) to explore weight loss Interventions Decreased food intake The effect of exercise to improve body mass and function Palliative treatment of anorexia Conclusion References CHAPTER 15: Water and electrolyte balances in ageing Introduction Normal physiology Water homeostasis in the elderly Workup and treatment of hyponatremia Workup and treatment of hypernatremia Conclusions References CHAPTER 16: Vitamins and minerals Introduction Recommended intakes of vitamins and minerals Medication influences on vitamin and mineral status Vitamins and minerals – functions and characteristics Micronutrients of special concern for older adults Role of vitamin and mineral supplements in chronic disease: some reviews of the evidence Summary References SECTION 2: Gastro Disorders CHAPTER 17: Changes in gastrointestinal motor and sensory function associated with ageing Introduction Control of gastrointestinal motility and sensation Pathophysiology of the ageing gut Oesophagus Small intestine Systemic disorders associated with disturbance of gastrointestinal motility Functional disorders Acknowledgements References CHAPTER 18: The liver and gallbladder in the geriatric population Introduction Acute viral hepatitis Chronic hepatitis B and C Fatty liver disease Drug‐induced liver injury Alcoholic liver disease Primary biliary cholangitis Hemochromatosis Autoimmune hepatitis Primary sclerosing cholangitis Hepatocellular carcinoma Biliary disease Liver transplantation Conclusion References CHAPTER 19: Faecal incontinence Introduction The physiology of defecation Changes relating to ageing Epidemiology of faecal incontinence Correlates and risk factors Assessment of faecal incontinence Management of faecal incontinence Surgical therapy Sacral neuromodulation Faecal diversion Containment Conclusions References CHAPTER 20: Constipation Defining
