N.J., Bradshaw, J.W.S., and Robinson, I.H. (2001). Do dogs respond to play signals given by humans? Anim. Behav. 61: 715–722.
125 Rooney, N.J., Clark, C.C.A., and Casey, R. A. (2016). Minimizing fear and anxiety in working dogs: A review. J. Vet. Behav. 16: 53–64.
126 Rooney, N.J., Gaines, S.A., and Bradshaw, J.W.S. (2007). Behavioural and glucocorticoid responses of dogs (Canis familiaris) to kenneling: Investigating mitigation of stress by prior habituation. Physiol. Behav. 92: 847–854.
127 Rooney, N.J., Gaines, S., and Hiby, E. (2009). A practitioner's guide to working dog welfare. J. Vet. Behav. 4: 127–134.
128 Salvin, H.E., McGreevy, P.D., Sachdev, P.S. et al. (2011). Growing old gracefully—Behavioral changes associated with “successful aging” in the dog, Canis familiaris. J. Vet. Behav. 6: 313–320.
129 Santos, N.R., Beck, A., and Fontbonne, A. (2020). A review of maternal behaviour in dogs and potential areas for further research. J. Small Anim. Pract. 61: 85–92.
130 Sapolsky, R.M. (2018). Double‐edged swords in the biology of conflict. Front. Psychol. 9: 2625.
131 Schaebs, F.S., Deschner, T., Range, F. et al. (2020). Consistency and efficacy of two methods of intranasal oxytocin application in dogs. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 72: 106436.
132 Schenkel, R. (1967). Submission: Its features and function in the wolf and dog. Am. Zool. 7: 319–329.
133 Schilder, M.B.H. and van der Borg, J.A.M. (2004). Training dogs with help of the shock collar: Short and long term behavioural effects. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 85: 319–334.
134 Schwab, C. and Huber, L. (2006). Obey or not obey? Dogs (Canis familiaris) behave differently in response to attentional states of their owners. J. Comp. Psychol. 120: 169–175.
135 Scott, J.P. and Fuller, J.L. (1965). Genetics and the Social Behavior of the Dog. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
136 Serpell, J.A. and Duffy, D.L. (2014). Dog breeds and their behavior. In: Domestic Dog Cognition and Behavior: The Scientific Study of Canis familiaris (ed. A. Horowitz), 31–57. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer‐Verlag.
137 Serpell, J.A. and Duffy, D.L. (2016). Aspects of juvenile and adolescent environment predict aggression and fear in 12‐month‐old guide dogs. Front. Vet. Sci. 3: 49.
138 Serpell, J.A., Duffy, D.L., and Jagoe, A. (2017). Becoming a dog: Early experience and the development of behavior. In: The Domestic Dog, Its Evolution, Behaviour and Interactions with People (ed. J. Serpell), 93–117. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
139 Shepherd, K. (2009). Ladder of aggression. In: BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Behavioural Medicine, 2nd ed. (eds. D.F. Horwitz and D.S. Mills), 13–16. Gloucester, UK: British Small Animal Veterinary Association.
140 Sinischalchi, M., d’Ingeo, S., and Quaranta, A. (2021). Lateralized emotional functioning in domestic animals. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 237: 105282.
141 Siniscalchi, M., Lusito, R., Vallortigara, G. et al. (2013). Seeing left‐ or right‐asymmetric tail wagging produces different emotional responses in dogs. Curr. Biol. 23: 2279–2282.
142 Solomon, J., Beetz, A., Schöberl, I. et al. (2019). Attachment security in companion dogs: Adaptation of Ainsworth’s strange situation and classification procedures to dogs and their human caregivers. Attach. Hum. Dev. 21: 389–417.
143 Sommerville, B.A. and Broom, D.M. (1998). Olfactory awareness. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 57: 269–286.
144 Sommerville, R., O’Conner, E.A., and Asher, L. (2017). Why do dogs play? Function and welfare implications of play in the domestic dog. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 197: 1–8.
145 Somppi, S., Törnqvist, H., Kujala, M.V. et al. (2016). Dogs evaluate threatening facial expressions by their biological validity—Evidence from gazing patterns. PLOS ONE 11 (1): e0143047.
146 Stephen, J. and Ledger, R. (2007). Relinquishing dog owners’ ability to predict behavioural problems in shelter dogs post adoption. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 107: 88–99.
147 Szabó, D., Miklósi, Á., and Kubinyi, E. (2018). Owner reported sensory impairments affect behavioural signs associated with cognitive decline in dogs. Behav. Process. 157: 354–360.
148 Tami, G. and Gallagher, A. (2009). Description of the behaviour of domestic dog (Canis familiaris) by experienced and inexperienced people. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 120: 159–169.
149 Taylor, A.M., Reby D., and McComb K. (2010). Size communication in domestic dog, Canis familiaris, growls. Anim. Behav. 79: 205–210.
150 Taylor, K.D. and Mills, D.S. (2007). The effect of the kennel environment on canine welfare: A critical review of experimental studies. Anim. Welf. 16: 435–447.
151 Thielke, L.E. and Udell, M.A.R. (2020). Characterizing human‐dog attachment relationships in foster and shelter environments as a potential mechanism for achieving mutual wellbeing and success. Animals 10: 67.
152 Tod, E., Brander, D., and Waran, N. (2005). Efficacy of dog appeasing pheromone in reducing stress and fear related behaviour in shelter dogs. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 93: 295–308.
153 Topál, J., Miklósi, Á., Csányi, V. et al. (1998). Attachment behavior in dogs (Canis familiaris): A new application of Ainsworth's (1969) Strange Situation Test. J. Comp. Psychol. 112: 219–229.
154 Tynes, V.V. and Sinn, L. (2014). Abnormal repetitive behaviors in dogs and cats: A guide for practitioners. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract. 44: 543–564.
155 Urfer, S.R. and Kaeberlein, M. (2019). Desexing dogs: A review of the current literature. Animals 9: 1086.
156 Vilà, C., Savolainen, P., Maldonado, J.E. et al. (1997). Multiple and ancient origins of the domestic dog. Science 276: 1687–1689.
157 vonHoldt, B.B. and Driscoll, C.A. (2017). Origins of the dog: Genetic insights into dog domestication. In: The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behavior and Interactions with People (ed. J. Serpell), 22–41. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
158 Ward, C. (2020). Greeting behavior between dogs in a dog park. Pet Behav. Sci. 10: 1–14.
159 Wayne, R.K. and Ostrander, E.A. (2007). Lessons learned from the dog genome. Trends Genet. 23: 557–567.
160 Wells, D.L., Graham, L., and Hepper, P.G. (2002). The influence of auditory stimulation on the behaviour of dogs housed in a rescue shelter. Anim. Welf. 11: 385–393.
161 Wells, D.L. and Hepper, P.G. (2000). Prevalence of behaviour problems reported by owners of dogs purchased from an animal rescue shelter. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 69: 55–65.
162 Westgarth, C., Christley, R.M., Pinchbeck, G.L. et al. (2010). Dog behaviour on walks and the effect of use of the leash. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 125: 38–46.
163 Willen, R.M., Mutwill, A., MacDonald, L.J. et al. (2017). Factors determining the effects of human interaction on the cortisol levels of shelter dogs. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 186: 41–48.
164 Yeates, J.W. and Main, D.C.J. (2008). Assessment of positive welfare: A review. Vet. J. 175: 293–300.
165 Yin, S. and McCowan, B. (2004.) Barking in domestic dogs: Context specificity and individual identification. Anim. Behav. 68: 343–355.
2 Introduction to Cat Behavior
Julia D. Albright, Christine Calder, and Amy Learn
2.1 Introduction
The domestic cat (Felis silvestris catus) remains one of the most popular pets in the United States and throughout much of Europe. Recent survey statistics show that approximately 31.9 million households in the United States are home to more than 58 million cats, with an average of 1.8 cats in each cat‐owning home (American Veterinary Medical Association 2018). These data do not capture