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õppimisseadused jäid hätta, kui ta üritas seletada inimese keeleoskust. Neuroteadlased ja arvutiteadlased mõistsid, et kognitiivne käsitlusviis oli palju võimsam, kui oli vaja mõista, kuidas töötab aju ja kuidas ehitada arvuteid. Metsikus looduses loomi uurivad teadlased nägid liiga palju intelligentsuse ilminguid, et ignoreerida võimalust, et mingil viisil on loomadel teadvus, mis on sarnane meie enda omale ( Bekoff, M. „The Cognitive Animal”). Kuid koerad jäeti sellest võrrandist välja. Teadlaste huvi loomade tunnetuse vastu piirdus enamasti meie primaatidest lähisugulastega. Jane Goodall ja Toshisada Nishida leidsid esimese tõestuse tööriistade kasutamise oskuse, tööriistade valmistamise, jahipidamise ja surmavate territoriaalsete rünnakute kohta metsikutel šimpansides (Goodall, J., The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior [Boston: Harvard University Press, 1986]; Nishida, T. „Chimpanzees of the Lakeshore: Natural History and Culture at Mahale” [Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2011]). Robert Seyfarth ja Dorothy Cheney avastasid, et rohepärdikute häirehüüd viitab tegelikult kindlatele röövloomadele (Cheney, D. L., Seyfarth, R. M. „How Monkeys See the World: Inside the Mind of Another Species” [Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992]). Frans de Waal vaatles petmist ja andestamist, millest šimpanside poliitiline elu enamasti koosneb (De Waal, F., Chimpanzee Politics: Power and Sex Among Apes [Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007]). Tetsuro Matsuzawa ja Sally Boysen testisid šimpanside matemaatilisi võimeid (Boysen, S. T., and G. G. Berntson. „Numerical Competence in a Chimpanzee [Pan troglodytes]” Journal of Comparative Psychology 103, no. 1 [1989]: 23–31; Kawai, N., Matsuzawa, T. „Cognition: Numerical Memory Span in a Chimpanzee”, Nature 403, no. 6765 [2000]: 39–40). Sue Savage-Rumbaugh õppetas bonobo Kanzile sümbolite keelt (Savage-Rumbaugh, „Language Comprehension”), Mike Tomasello, Josep Call, ning Andrew Whiten tegid vaatluseid ja viisid läbi eksperimente, testimaks, kas šimpansid oskavad edasi anda kultuurilisi uuendusi (Whiten, A., et al., „Cultures in Chimpanzees”, Nature 399, no. 6737 [1999]: 682–85; Whiten, A., V. Horner, and F. B. M. de Waal, „Conformity to Cultural Norms of Tool Use in Chimpanzees”, Nature 437, no. 7059 [2005]: 737–40; Call, J. E., Tomasello, M. E. „The Gestural Communication of Apes and Monkeys [Psychology Press, 2007]; Tennie, C., Call, J., Tomasello, M. „Ratcheting Up the Ratchet: On the Evolution of Cumulative Culture”, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1528 [2009]: 2405–15). Vallandus tohutu huvi selle vastu, kuidas ahvid näevad maailma ja kas inimahvid elavad inimeste varjus. Lõpuks kandus primaatide uurimise entusiasm üle kognitiivseks uurimistööks, mis hõlmas delfiine, papagoisid ja vareslasi, kuid koerad olid ühed viimastest liikidest, kelle näitel uurida loomade tunnetust (Bekoff „The Cognitive Animal” Shettleworth, S. J., „Cognition, Evolution and Behavior” [Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2009]; Míklósi, Á. „Dog Behaviour, Evolution, and Cognition” [New York: Oxford University Press, 2007], 274).

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