The Civilisation of the Renaissance in Italy. Jacob Burckhardt

Poetical parodies 158 Theory of wit 159 Railing and reviling 161 Adrian VI. as scapegoat 162 Pietro Aretino 164 PART III. THE REVIVAL OF ANTIQUITY. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. Widened application of the word ‘Renaissance’ 171 Antiquity in the Middle Ages 172 Latin poetry of the twelfth century in Italy 173 The spirit of the fourteenth century 175 CHAPTER II. ROME, THE CITY OF RUINS. Dante, Petrarch, Uberti 177 Rome at the time of Poggio 179 Nicholas V., and Pius II. as an antiquarian 180 Antiquity outside Rome 181 Affiliation of families and cities on Rome 182 The Roman corpse 183 Excavations and architectural plans 184 Rome under Leo X. 184 Sentimental effect of ruins 185 CHAPTER III. THE OLD AUTHORS. Their diffusion in the fourteenth century 187 Discoveries in the fifteenth century 188 The libraries 189 Copyists and ‘Scrittori’ 192 Printing 194 Greek scholarship 195 Oriental scholarship 197 Pico’s view of antiquity 202 CHAPTER IV. HUMANISM IN THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY. Its inevitable victory 203 Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio 205 Coronation of the poets 207 CHAPTER V. THE UNIVERSITIES AND SCHOOLS. Position of the Humanists at the Universities 211 Latin schools 213 Freer education: Vittorino da Feltre 213 Guarino of Verona 215 The education of princes 216 CHAPTER VI. THE FURTHERERS OF HUMANISM. Florentine citizens: Niccoli and Manetti 217 The earlier Medici 220 Humanism at the Courts 222 The Popes from Nicholas V. onwards 223 Alfonso of Naples 225 Frederick of Urbino 227 The Houses of Sforza and Este 227 Sigismodo Malatesta 228 CHAPTER VII. THE REPRODUCTION OF ANTIQUITY. LATIN CORRESPONDENCE AND ORATIONS. The Papal Chancery 230 Letter-writing 232 The orators 233 Political, diplomatic, and funeral orations 236 Academic and military speeches 237 Latin sermons 238 Form and matter of the speeches 239