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3 Nursing Leadership and Management in a Historical Context
Brigid Lusk, PhD, RN, FAAN
Midwest Nursing History Research Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Nursing, Chicago, IL, USA
Source: Midwest Nursing History Research Center, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Nursing.
Why study nursing history? The answer lies in the work we do every day with the patients, families, and communities we serve. Understanding how early twentieth‐century nursing leaders sought educational advancement in higher education, advocated health care policy reforms, supported immigrant populations, and developed innovative models of care offers much for the profession today.
Sandra Lewenson, PhD, RN, FAAN
OBJECTIVES
Upon completion of this chapter, the reader should be able to:
1 Discuss the founding of nursing.
2 Review the dawn of professional nursing.
3 Discuss visiting nurses and the birth of public health nursing.
4 Review the development of professional nursing organizations
5 Discuss evolving hospital nursing in the 1920s and 1930s.
6 Review evolving of professional nursing in the 1920s and 1930s.
7 Discuss collegiate education in nursing.
8 Review the development of nursing research in the 1950s to the 1970s.
9 Discuss emerging nursing specializations in the 1980s and 1990s.
10 Review historic contributions and future nursing challenges.
OPENING SCENARIO
You graduated about a year ago, as one of 10 male nurses in your class, and now work in the critical care unit of a major teaching hospital. Most of your work has been on the night shift. One evening, with a few nights off duty coming up, you go out with some friends from college. Talking with them, you realize that they don't have a clue about what you do. They joke that you must have entered nursing because of the numbers of eligible women. They have no idea of your responsibilities or your stress when at work. They don't know that a few nights back you diagnosed a probable pulmonary embolism and thus saved a young woman's life. They don't know that you calmed a hysterical man in the waiting room whose wife had just unexpectedly died. Most aggravating is their response when you tell them that you're planning to return to college for your doctorate—a PhD or a DNP, you're not sure yet—and they look amazed and exclaim “A nursing Dr.! Who knew?”
1 Aside from wishing that your friends would be subjected to a nurse's care sooner rather than later, how can you succinctly describe the knowledge base of nursing to them?
2 What would you say to them about the need for nurses with doctorates?
3 Discuss the history of men and other minorities in nursing.
Nursing history is the story of nursing care given through antiquity to the present day. The history of nurses and nursing can be fascinating but, with a nursing curriculum that is positively bursting at the seams, is history relevant and important enough to be included in all nursing educational programs? The answer is a resounding YES! Here's why: knowledge of nursing's history: (a) positively impacts patient care, (b) generates professional identity by reflecting the profession's history as well as the profession's current status, and thus contributing to career stability, (c) demands critical thinking, and (d) supports effective writing, a skill that is essential in nursing leadership. Additionally, the sheer fascination of reading nurses' notes written long ago or touching worn student nurses' uniforms—with patients' blood and students' sweat still visible on them—may be added to these reasons for studying the history of nursing.
Let's tackle these four reasons one by one, bearing in mind that they can't really be looked at separately. First, how can knowledge of nursing history positively impact patient care? One reason is that the patients' voices we “hear” through historic documents such as nurses' notes, or case studies, or in the meeting minutes of patient care committees, remind us that our patients are the raison d'etre of our work. In today's technological world this is sometimes forgotten. Another reason is that history is the basis for nursing practice research. For example, with current outbreaks of infectious diseases such as measles, nurses want to study ways to increase the percentage of childhood immunization. Yet any research on immunization rates would be flawed if nurses ignored the history of why parents had refused