17.1 INTRODUCTION 17.2 MID‐LATITUDE IONOSPHERE STRUCTURES 17.3 GLOBAL EQUATORIAL IONOSPHERE DYNAMICS AND STRUCTURES 17.4 LONGITUDINAL DEPENDENCE OF VERTICAL DRIFT 17.5 SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 18 Medium‐Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances 18.1 INTRODUCTION 18.2 ELECTRIFIED MEDIUM‐SCALE TRAVELING IONOSPHERIC DISTURBANCES 18.3 MSTIDS INDUCED BY UPWARD‐PROPAGATING GRAVITY WAVES 18.4 DISCUSSION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES
11 Part V: Ionospheric Impacts on Applications 19 Ionospheric Effects on HF Radio Wave Propagation 19.1 INTRODUCTION 19.2 HF PROPAGATION IN THE UNDISTURBED IONOSPHERE 19.3 EFFECTS OF IONOSPHERIC DISTURBANCES ON HF INSTRUMENTS 19.4 SPORADIC‐E 19.5 SUMMARY ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 20 Ionospheric Scintillation Effects on Satellite Navigation 20.1 INTRODUCTION 20.2 NAVIGATION SYSTEM PERFORMANCE CRITERIA 20.3 STAND‐ALONE GNSS STANDARD POSITIONING SERVICE 20.4 SATELLITE‐BASED AUGMENTATION SYSTEMS (SBAS) 20.5 GROUND‐BASED AUGMENTATION SYSTEMS (GBAS) 20.6 FINAL COMMENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 21 Ionospheric Disturbances Related to Earthquakes 21.1 INTRODUCTION 21.2 GNSS‐TEC OBSERVATIONS 21.3 COSEISMIC IONOSPHERIC DISTURBANCES 21.4 PRESEISMIC IONOSPHERIC ANOMALIES 21.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 22 Atmospheric and Ionospheric Disturbances Caused by Tsunamis 22.1 INTRODUCTION 22.2 ACOUSTIC‐GRAVITY WAVE THEORY 22.3 ATMOSPHERIC WAVE GENERATION BY TSUNAMIS 22.4 TID AND AIRGLOW DISTURBANCE THEORY 22.5 TID AND AIRGLOW DISTURBANCE OBSERVATIONS 22.6 GRAVITY WAVE‐TID MODELING 22.7 OUTSTANDING ISSUES: CHALLENGES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 22.8 SUMMARY ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES
12 Index
List of Tables
1 Chapter 5Table 5.1 List of Controlled Simulations With Varyingα (Different Hemisp...
2 Chapter 7Table 7.1 Criteria Used to Experimentally Define the Magnetotail Lobe RegionsTable 7.2 Median Plasma Densities, Their Standard Errors, and Auxiliary Param...
3 Chapter 11Table 11.1 ESF/EPB: Chronology of Key FindingsTable 11.2 Stations (Acronyms) and Coordinates Listed According to Increasing...Table 11.3 Zonal Scale‐Sizes of Upwellings, Patches, ClustersTable 11.4 ESF/EPB Climatology: Satellite MeasurementsTable 11.5 Radar Locations Used for PMN Obsevations
4 Chapter 20Table 20.1 GPS‐based navigation system performance standards.
5 Chapter 22Table 22.1 Summary of TID Observations related to the Tohoku Event. Speed and...
List of Illustrations
1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Solar power, particle power, and Joule power from 1975–2003Figure 1.2 (a)–(i) Polar cap electric potentials in the Northern Hemisphere,...Figure 1.3 (a)–(i) Magnetic Euler potentials in the Northern Hemisphere, map...Figure 1.4 Comparison between observed Poynting flux from DMSP (a)–(c) with ...Figure 1.5 Cosgrove14 output for high and low magnetic activity for northwar...Figure 1.6 (a)–(b) Values of Pedersen (∑P) and (c)–(d) Hall (∑H)...Figure 1.7 Summary of integrated values over auroral passes for event 1, on ...Figure 1.8 Summary of integrated values over auroral passes for event 6, on ...
2 Chapter 2Figure