Okinawa (OKI, 24.75...Figure 14.13 (top) Contour map of the magnetic disturbances caused by the we...Figure 14.14 (from the top) Solar wind dynamic pressure, IMF Bz, IEF, ASY/SY...Figure 14.15 Three‐layered Earth‐ionosphere waveguide model explaining the i...Figure 14.16 Magnetosphere–ionosphere–ground current circuit achieved by the...Figure 14.17 Electric potential, current, and power calculated at the (a) dy...Figure 14.18 Model calculations of eastward electric fields at 60 latitude...
15 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 Upper atmospheric number densities for O, O2, and N2 derived usi...Figure 15.2 Ion and electron temperatures at ~1500 LT on October 13, 2002 ov...Figure 15.3 Global variations of magnetic declination calculated for January...Figure 15.4 Schematic diagram of the geomagnetic declination and the zonal w...Figure 15.5 Diurnal variations of median TEC on the western US (solid line w...Figure 15.6 Longitudinal dependence of TEC controlled by magnetic declinatio...Figure 15.7 Analysis of longitudinal variations of electron density using lo...Figure 15.8 Similar to Figure 15.7 but for Rew variations as a function of d...Figure 15.9 Correlation between electron density east–west difference ratio ...Figure 15.10 From top to bottom are the monthly mean values of F10.7 index, ...Figure 15.11 Statistical analysis of the TEC deviation RTEC at 03, 06, 09, a...Figure 15.12 CHAMP observations of electron density longitudinal variations....Figure 15.13 DEMETER satellite daytime measurements of geographic longitudin...Figure 15.14 GITM simulations of combined winds and magnetic declination eff...Figure 15.15 COSMIC observations of electron density longitudinal variations...Figure 15.16 Millstone Hill summertime variations of electron density (a), v...Figure 15.17 COSMIC global NmF2 observations for two universal times: (a) 00...Figure 15.18 WINDII observations of thermospheric winds at 170, 140, 120, an...Figure 15.19 CHAMP observations of average latitude profiles of thermospheri...Figure 15.20 FPI red line neutral winds measured (first and second panels) o...Figure 15.21 Millstone Hill F region (a, top panels) and E region (b, bottom...Figure 15.22 TIEGCM simulation of thermospheric responses to SAPS for Nov. 2...
16 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 Schematic of the coupling processes and atmospheric variability ...Figure 16.2 Variations in stratospheric temperature (top) at 90oN, 10hPa (~3...Figure 16.3 Arctic vortex (marked with “L” and thick black contours) and str...Figure 16.4 3D representation of the Arctic vortex (colored by temperature) ...Figure 16.5 Temperature perturbations during the major SSW in January 2009 a...Figure 16.6 Variations in amplitudes of (a) diurnal and terdiurnal tides and...Figure 16.7 Latitude‐height distribution of zonal mean SSW effects in (top) ...Figure 16.8 Height dependence of the thermospheric total mass density anomal...Figure 16.9 Observations of TEC at 17 UT (noon to afternoon sectors) one mon...Figure 16.10 Variation in anomalies of vertical drift (top) and peak electro...Figure 16.11 (a) SSW effect on the eastward L(lunar) current intensity at th...Figure 16.12 Variation of TEC as a function of DOY (January–February 2009) a...Figure 16.13 SW2 amplitude of temperature at 1x10‐4 hPa (~110 km) for ...Figure 16.14 Perturbations in the vertical plasma drift velocity at Jicamarc...Figure 16.15 Global Scale Wave Model (GSWM) total energy response for zonal ...Figure 16.16 Longitudinal distributions of simulated vertical drift at fixed...
17 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 The 2D GNSS TEC snapshot for 30‐minute intervals obtained from t...Figure 17.2 The in‐situ plasma density at the DMSP orbiting altitude as dete...Figure 17.3 Same as Figure 17.2 but for a snapshot of SED plume taken on 20 ...Figure 17.4 The irregularity distributions as a function of day of the year ...Figure 17.5 The ground‐tracks of TIMED satellite (where SABER instrument onb...Figure 17.6 The ground‐based GNSS TEC perturbations, showing the poleward pr...
18 Chapter 18Figure 18.1 630‐nm airglow images mapped onto the geographical coordinates o...Figure 18.2 Electric field vector measured by the DMSP F15 satellite along t...Figure 18.3 Schematics showing the generation of polarization electric field...Figure 18.4 (a) A sequence of all‐sky 630.0‐nm airglow image taken at Arecib...Figure 18.5 Model calculation of EMSTID structures. The color scale, black s...Figure 18.6 Results of a three‐dimensional simulation by Yokoyama et al. (20...Figure 18.7 Global distribution of the MMF occurrence rate as observed by Sw...Figure 18.8 Global distribution of sporadic E activity for (a) June–August 2...Figure 18.9 Schematic showing E and F region coupling where both Northern...Figure 18.10 Global distributions of MMF events observed by Swarm‐Alpha sate...Figure 18.11 A two‐dimensional map of TEC perturbations at 02:30 UT (11:30 L...Figure 18.12 Altitude and local time cross‐section of the echo power receive...Figure 18.13 Time‐height distribution of short‐period variations (T ≤ 2 hr) ...
19 Chapter 19Figure 19.1 Example of (left) undisturbed vertically incident sounding and (...Figure 19.2 Ray paths of 15MHz (top) and 20MHz (bottom) radio waves through ...Figure 19.3 Group range (green dots) and ground range (blue dots) as a funct...Figure 19.4 Ray paths of 30MHz radio waves through the ionosphere computed u...Figure 19.5 Example of paths taken by O polarization rays (blue) and X polar...Figure 19.6 The effect of cross‐range ionospheric tilts on HF radio wave pro...Figure 19.7 Ground range as a function of ray launch elevation calculated us...Figure 19.8 Modeled mode evolution of two‐way propagation paths between Lave...Figure 19.9 Defocusing of a narrow beam of radio waves reflected by the iono...Figure 19.10 Effective collision frequency between electrons and various neu...Figure 19.11 Absorption profile for vertically propagating O and X radio wav...Figure 19.12 Absorption calculated for 10 MHz O‐mode oblique rays as a funct...Figure 19.13 Absorption calculated for 10 MHz O‐mode oblique rays as a funct...Figure 19.14 Directional noise densities calculated by SPINE, for a frequenc...Figure 19.15 (top) Background noise and interference estimated by SPINE for ...Figure 19.16 Quasi vertically incident ionogram (transmitter–receiver separa...Figure 19.17 Observed (left) and modelled (right) backscatter sounder ionogr...Figure 19.18 Example of the varying propagation conditions for a hypothetica...Figure 19.19 Example of (top left) optimal SNR, (top right) optimal frequenc...Figure 19.20 Climatology vs. real‐time. The left‐hand column of figures show...Figure 19.21 Monthly median model showing the rise in height of the ionosphe...Figure 19.22 Monthly median model showing (left) the peak plasma frequency (...Figure 19.23 Quasi parabolic parameters for the F2 layer. a) The maximum pla...Figure 19.24 Surfaces through a 3D monthly median model of the ionospheric e...Figure 19.25 (left) Transponder range vs. time color coded by Doppler shift ...Figure 19.26 The power spectra of a data‐driven real‐time ionospheric electr...Figure 19.27 The power spectra of a data‐driven real‐time ionospheric electr...Figure 19.28 A 12‐hour periodicity seen in foF2 over Australia on 03‐Sep‐201...Figure 19.29 Sequence of night time VIS ionograms recorded on 30 August 2015...Figure 19.30 Measurements of HF direction‐of‐arrival dynamics using a 2‐dime...Figure 19.31 High‐pass filter of the reconstructed electron density profile ...Figure 19.32 A periodic disturbance visible in nighttime limb imaging at vis...Figure 19.33 Figure 9 from Cervera and Harris (2014). A synthesized series o...Figure 19.34 Figure 10 from Cervera and Harris (2014). Modeled and observed ...Figure 19.35 Figure 6 from Cervera and Harris (2014) A series of quasi VIS i...Figure 19.36 Figure 7 from Cervera and Harris (2014). A series of synthetic ...Figure 19.37 High‐resolution backscatter plot obtained using the experimenta...Figure 19.38 (left) High‐resolution WSBI leading edges from measurements. (r...Figure 19.39 O(1D) 630 nm airglow observation from Edinburgh, Australia, on ...Figure 19.40 (left) A VIS ionogram from Woodside, Australia, during 27‐Jan‐2...Figure 19.41 An example of the splitting of the F2 trace presumably in the p...Figure 19.42 Dealiased JORN Alice Springs mini‐radar plots observed using th...Figure 19.43 Plots of JORN Laverton OTH radar reception of the Normanton tra...Figure 19.44 A synthetic example of the spreading effect on the nighttime F2...Figure 19.45 Dst index, observed foF2, and maximum oblique‐path O‐mode frequ...Figure 19.46 (top row) TOPEX/Poseidon passes and (bottom row) corresponding ...Figure 19.47 Unpublished diagram from Lynn et al. (2004) showing TEC from TO...Figure 19.48 Backscatter ionograms from the Laverton JORN FMS. There are eig...Figure 19.49 Backscatter ionograms from the Laverton JORN BSS eastward‐looki...Figure 19.50 Backscatter ionograms from the Laverton JORN BSS eastward‐looki...Figure 19.51 (top) Daytime VIS ionogram displaying sporadic‐E with N and M m...Figure 19.52 OIS ionogram indicating (left) some of the features extracted a...Figure 19.53 E region power for 3 days (1–3/12/2012) and 2 paths. The blue l...Figure 19.54 Received power at Laverton from the transmitter at Kalkarindji ...Figure 19.55 Modeled received power corresponding to the measured power show...Figure 19.56 Power differences between measurements shown in Figure