AF, de Graaf J: Association of fasting glucose and non-fasting serum triglycerides with cardiovascular disease and the role of remnant-like lipoproteins and small dense LDL. Curr Opin Lipidol 2008;19:355–361.
35Rizzo M, Trepp R, Bernies K, Christ ER: Atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype and low-density lipoprotein size and subclass in patients with growth hormone deficiency before and after short-term replacement therapy. Eur J Endocrinol 2007;156:361–367.
36Salman S, Uzum AK, Telci A, Algol F, Ozbey NC: Serum adipokines and low-density lipoprotein subfraction profile in hypopituitary patients with growth hormone deficiency. Pituitary 2012;15:386–392.
37Evans LM, Davies J, Anderson R, et al: The effect of growth hormone replacement therapy on endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress in adult growth hormone deficiency. Eur J Endocrinol 2000;142:254–262.
38Gonzáles-Duarte D, Madrazo-Atutxa A, Soto-Moreno A, Leal-Cerro A: Measurement of oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in patients with hypopituitarism and severe adult growth hormone deficiency. Pituitary 2012;15:589–597.
39Scacchi M, Valassi E, Pincelli AI, et al: Increased lipid peroxidation in adult GH-deficient patients: effect of short term GH administration. J Endocrinol Invest 2006;29:899–904.
40Monson JP, Jönsson P, Koltowska-Häggström ML, Kourides I: Growth hormone (GH) replacement decreases serum total and LDL – cholesterol in hypopituitary patients on maintenance HMG CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) therapy. Clin Endocrinol 2007;67:623–628.
41Oliviera CR, Salvatori R, Barreto-Filho JA, et al: Insulin sensitivity and β-cell function in adults with lifetime, untreated isolated growth hormone deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97:1013–1019.
42Svensson J, Fowelin J, Landin K, Bengtsson BA, Johansson JO: Effects of seven years of GH-replacement therapy on insulin sensitivity in GH-deficient adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:2121–2127.
43Bramnert M, Segerlantz M, Laurila E, Daugaard JR, Manhem P, Groop L: Growth hormone replacement therapy induces insulin resistance by activating the glucose-fatty acid cycle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:1455–1463.
44Gillberg P, Bramnert M, Thorén M, Werner S, Johansson G: Commencing growth hormone replacement in adults with a fixed low dose. Effects on serum lipoproteins, glucose metabolism, body composition and cardiovascular function. Growth Horm IGF Res 2001;11:273–281.
45Arafat AM, Möhlig M, Weickert MO, Schöfl C, Spranger J, Pfeifer AF: Improved insulin sensitivity, preserved beta cell function and improved whole-body glucose metabolism after low-dose growth hormone replacement therapy in adults with severe growth hormone deficiency: a pilot study. Diabetologia 2010;53;1304–1313.
46Giavoli C, Cappiello V, Corbetta S, et al: Different effects of short term and long-term recombinant hGH administration on ghrelin and adiponectin levels in GH-deficient adults. Clin Endocrinol 2004;61:81–87.
47Joaqin C, Aguilera E, et al: Effects of GH treatment in GH-deficient adults on adiponectin, leptin and pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A. Eur J Endocrinol 2008;158:483–490.
48Abs R, Mattson AF, Thunander M, Verhelst J, Góth MI, et al: Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in 6050 hypopituitary patients with adult-onset GH deficiency before GH replacement: a KIMS analysis. Eur J Endocrinol 2013;168:297–305.
49Attanasio AF, Jung H, Mo D, Chanson P, Bouillon R, Ho KK, Lamberts SW, Clemmons DR: Prevalence and incidence of diabetes mellitus in adult patients on growth hormone replacement for growth hormone deficiency: a surveillance database analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:2255–2261.
50Hazem A, Elamin MB, Bancos I, Malaga G, Prutsky G, et al: Body composition and quality of life in adults treated with GH therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Endocrinol 2012;166:13–20.
51Ukropec J, Penesová A, Skopková M, Pura M, Vlcek M, et al: Adipokine protein expression patterns in growth hormone deficiency predisposes to the increased fat cell size and whole body metabolic derangements. J Clin Endrocrinol Metab 2008;2255–2262.
52Gotherstrom G, Bengtsson BA, Bosaeus I, et al: A 10-year prospective study of the metabolic effects of growth hormone replacement in adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:1442–1445.
53Barbosa EJ, Glad CA, Nilsson AG, Bosaeus N, Fillipson Nyström H, Svensson PA, Bengtsson BA, Nilsson S, Bosaeus I, Boguszewski L, Johansson G: Extracellular water and blood pressure in adults with growth hormone (GH) deficiency: a genotype-phenotype association study. PLos One 2014;9:1–10.
54Ahmad AM, Hopkins MT, Weston PJ, et al: Effects of GH replacement on 24 h ambulatory blood pressure and its circardian rhythm in adult GH deficiency. Clin Endocrinol 2002;56:431–437.
55Sverrisdottir YB, Elam M, Herlitz H, et al: Intense sympathetic nervous system activity in adults with hypopituitarism and untreated growth hormone deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:1881–1885.
56Savanelli MC, Scarano E, Muscogiuri G, Barrea L, Vuolo L, Rubino M, Savastano S, Colao A, Di Somma C: Cardiovascular risk in adult hypopituitaric patients with growth hormone deficiency: is there a role for vitamin D? Endocrine 2016;52:111–119.
57Forman JP, Williams JS, Fisher ND: Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and regulation of the renin-angiotensin system in humans. Hypertension 2010;55:1283–1288.
58Evans LM, Davies JS, Goodfellow J, et al: Endothelial dysfunction in hypopituitary adults with growth hormone deficiency. Clin Endocrinol 1999;50:457–464.
59Krzyzanowska K, Mittermayer F, Schanck C, Hofer M, Woltz M, Schernthaner G: Circulating ADMA concentrations are elevated in hypopituitary adults with and without growth hormone deficiency. Eur J Clin Invest 2005;3593:208–213.
60Setola E, Monti LD, Lanzi R, et al: Effects of growth hormone treatment on arginine to asymmetric dimethylarginine ratio and endothelial function in patients with growth hormone deficiency. Metabolism 2008;57:1685–1690.
61Pfeifer M, Verhoves R, Zizek B, et al: Growth hormone (GH) treatment reverses early atherosclerotic changes in GH-deficient adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;50:453–457.
62Kvasnicka