The Law of Nations. Emer de Vattel

175. Unequal treaties, and unequal alliances,

       176. An alliance with diminution of sovereignty may annul preceding treaties,

       177. We ought, as much as possible, to avoid making unequal alliances, <xxxvii>

       178. Mutual duties of nations with respect to unequal alliances,

       179. in alliances where the inequality is on the side of the more powerful party,

       180. How inequality of treaties and alliances may be conformable to the law of nature,

       181. Inequality imposed by way of punishment,

       182. Other kinds, of which we have spoken elsewhere,

       183. Personal and real treaties,

       184. Naming the contracting parties in the treaty does not render it personal,

       185. An alliance made by a republic is real,

       186. Treaties concluded by kings or other monarchs,

       187. Perpetual treaties, and those for a certain time,

       188. Treaties made for the king and his successors,

       189. Treaties made for the good of the kingdom,

       190. How presumption ought to be founded in doubtful cases,

       191. The obligations and rights resulting from a real treaty pass to the successors,

       192. Treaties accomplished once for all, and perfected,

       193. Treaties already accomplished on the one part,

       194. The personal alliance expires if one of the parties ceases to reign,

       195. Treaties in their own nature personal,

       196. Alliance concluded for the defence of the king and royal family,

       197. Obligation of a real alliance, when the allied king is deposed,

       CHAPTER XIII Of the Dissolution and Renewal of Treaties.

       198. Expiration of alliances made for a limited time,

       199. Renewal of treaties,

       200. How a treaty is dissolved, when violated by one of the contracting parties,

       201. The violation of one treaty does not cancel another,

       202. The violation of one article in a treaty may cancel the whole,

       203. The treaty is void by the destruction of one of the contracting powers,

       204. Alliances of a state that has afterwards put herself under the protection of another,

       205. Treaties dissolved by mutual consent,

       CHAPTER XIV Of other public Conventions,—of those that are made by Subordinate Powers,—particularly of the Agreement called in Latin Sponsio,— and of Conventions between the Sovereign and Private Persons.

       206. Conventions made by sovereigns, <xxxviii>

       207. Those made by subordinate powers,

       208. Treaties concluded by a public person, without orders from the sovereign, or without sufficient powers,

       209. The agreement called sponsio,

       210. The state is not bound by such an agreement,

       211. To what the promiser is bound when it is disavowed,

       212. To what the sovereign is bound,

       213. Private contracts of the sovereign,

       214. Contracts made by him with private persons, in the name of the state,

       215. They are binding on the nation, and on his successors,

       216. Debts of the sovereign and the state,

       217. Donations of the sovereign,

       CHAPTER XV Of the Faith of Treaties.

       218. What is sacred among nations,

       219. Treaties sacred between nations,

       220. The faith of treaties is sacred,

       221. He who violates his treaties, violates the law of nations,

       222. Right of nations against him who disregards the faith of treaties,

       223. The law of nations violated by the popes,

       224. This abuse authorised by princes,

       225. Use of an oath in treaties.—It does not constitute the obligation,

       226.