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The Esophagus


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      88 88 Castell JA, Castell DO, Schultz AR, et al. Effect of head position on the dynamics of the upper esophageal sphincter and pharynx. Dysphagia 1993; 8:1–6.

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      91 91 Kahrilas PJ, Dodds WJ, Dent J, et al. Upper esophageal sphincter function during deglutition. Gastroenterology 1988; 95:52–62.

      92 92 Jacob P, Kahrilas PJ, Herzon G, et al. Determinants of upper esophageal sphincter pressure in dogs. Am J Physiol 1990; 259:G245–51.

      93 93 Isberg A, Nilsson ME, Schiratzki H. Movement of the upper esophageal sphincter and a manometric device during deglutition. A cineradiographic investigation. Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh) 1985; 26:381–8.

      94 94 Lydon SB, Dodds WJ, Hogan WJ, et al. The effect of manometric assembly diameter on intraluminal esophageal pressure recording. Am J Dig Dis 1975; 20:968–70.

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      96 96 Kahrilas PJ, Dodds WJ, Dent J, et al. Effect of sleep, spontaneous gastroesophageal reflux, and a meal on upper esophageal sphincter pressure in normal human volunteers. Gastroenterology 1987; 92:466–71.

      97 97 Vanner RG, Pryle BJ, O'Dwyer JP, et al. Upper oesophageal sphincter pressure and the intravenous induction of anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1992; 47:371–5.

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      99 99 Goyal RK, Sangree MH, Hersh T, et al. Pressure inversion point at the upper high pressure zone and its genesis. Gastroenterology 1970; 59:754–9.

      100 100 Lang IM, Dantas RO, Cook IJ, et al. Videoradiographic, manometric, and electromyographic analysis of canine upper esophageal sphincter. Am J Physiol 1991; 260:G911–9.

      101 101 Preiksaitis HG, Diamant N. The physiology of swallowing: Pharyngeal and cricopharyngeal mechanisms. In: Pearson FG, Deslauriers J, Ginsberg RJ, Hiebert CA, McKneally MF, Urschel HC, eds. Esophageal surgery. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1995.

      102 102 Cook IJ, Dent J, Shannon S, et al. Measurement of upper esophageal sphincter pressure. Effect of acute emotional stress. Gastroenterology 1987; 93:526–32.

      103 103 Cook IJ, Dent J, Collins SM. Upper esophageal sphincter tone and reactivity to stress in patients with a history of globus sensation. Dig Dis Sci 1989; 34:672–6.

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      105 105 Ghosh SK, Pandolfino JE, Zhang Q, et al. Deglutitive upper esophageal sphincter relaxation: a study of 75 volunteer subjects using solid‐state high‐resolution manometry. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2006; 291:G525–31.

      106 106 Cook IJ, Dodds WJ, Dantas RO, et al. Opening mechanisms of the human upper esophageal sphincter. Am J Physiol 1989; 257:G748–59.

      107 107 Kahrilas PJ, Logemann JA, Krugler C, et al. Volitional augmentation of upper esophageal sphincter opening during swallowing. Am J Physiol 1991; 260:G450–6.

      108 108 Goyal RK, Martin SB, Shapiro J, et al. The role of cricopharyngeus muscle in pharyngoesophageal disorders. Dysphagia 1993; 8:252–8.

      109 109 Martino R, Terrault N, Ezerzer F, et al. Dysphagia in a patient with lateral medullary syndrome: insight into the central control of swallowing. Gastroenterology 2001; 121:420–6.

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      111 111 Kahrilas PJ, Lin S, Rademaker AW, et al. Impaired deglutitive airway protection: a videofluoroscopic analysis of severity and mechanism. Gastroenterology 1997; 113:1457–64.

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      113 113 Kahrilas PJ, Dodds WJ, Hogan WJ. Dysfunction of the belch reflex. A cause of incapacitating chest pain. Gastroenterology 1987; 93:818–22.

      114 114 Gerhardt DC, Shuck TJ, Bordeaux RA, et al. Human upper esophageal sphincter. Response to volume, osmotic, and acid stimuli. Gastroenterology 1978; 75:268–74.

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      116 116 Shaker R, Ren J, Kern M, et al. Mechanisms of airway protection and upper esophageal sphincter opening during belching. Am J Physiol 1992; 262:G621–8.

      117 117 Shaker R, Dodds WJ, Ren J, et al. Esophagoglottal closure reflex: a mechanism of airway protection. Gastroenterology 1992; 102:857–61.

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