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The Esophagus


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      213 213 Tieffenbach L, Roman C. The role of extrinsic vagal innervation in the motility of the smooth‐musculed portion of the esophagus: electromyographic study in the cat and the baboon. J Physiol (Paris) 1972; 64:193–226.

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      232 232 Preiksaitis HG, Tremblay L, Diamant NE. Nitric oxide mediates inhibitory nerve effects in human esophagus and lower esophageal sphincter. Dig Dis Sci 1994; 39:770–5.

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      238 238 Weisbrodt NW, Christensen J. Gradients of contractions in the opossum esophagus. Gastroenterology 1972; 62:1159–66.

      239 239 Crist J, Kauvar D, Goyal RK. Gradient of cholinergic innervation in opossum esophageal circular smooth muscle. Gullet 1991; 1:92–98.

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      241 241 Dodds WJ, Dent J, Hogan WJ, et al. Paradoxical lower esophageal sphincter contraction induced by cholecystokinin‐octapeptide in patients with achalasia. Gastroenterology 1981; 80:327–33.

      242 242 Knudsen A, Frobert O, Tottrup A. The role of the L‐arginine‐nitric oxide pathway for peristalsis in the opossum oesophageal body. Scand J Gastroenterol 1994; 29:1083–7.

      243 243 Chakder S, Rosenthal GJ, Rattan S. in vivo and in vitro influence of human recombinant hemoglobin on esophageal function. Am J Physiol 1995; 268:G443–50.

      244 244 Murray JA, Ledlow A, Launspach J, et al. The effects of recombinant human hemoglobin on esophageal motor functions in humans. Gastroenterology 1995; 109:1241–8.

      245 245 Xue S, Valdez D, Collman PI, et al. Effects of nitric oxide synthase blockade on esophageal peristalsis and the lower esophageal sphincter in the cat. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1996; 74:1249–57.

      246 246 Saha JK, Hirano I, Goyal RK. Biphasic effect of SNP on opossum esophageal longitudinal muscle: involvement of cGMP and eicosanoids. Am J Physiol 1993; 265:G403–7.

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      248 248 Rattan S, Gonnella P, Goyal RK. Inhibitory effect of calcitonin gene‐related peptide and calcitonin on opossum esophageal smooth muscle. Gastroenterology 1988; 94:284–93.

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      251 251 Schulze K, Conklin JL, Christensen J. A potassium gradient in smooth muscle segment of the opossum esophagus. Am J Physiol 1977; 232:E270–3.

      252 252 Stacher G, Bauer P, Steinringer H, et al. Dose‐related effects of the synthetic met‐enkephalin analogue FK 33–824 on esophageal motor activity in healthy humans. Gastroenterology 1982; 83:1057–61.

      253 253 Krysiak PS, Preiksaitis HG. Tachykinins contribute to nerve‐mediated contractions in the human esophagus. Gastroenterology 2001; 120:39–48.

      254 254 Behar J, Biancani P. Pathogenesis of simultaneous esophageal contractions in patients with motility disorders. Gastroenterology 1993; 105:111–8.

      255 255 Mearin F, Mourelle M, Guarner F, et al. Patients with achalasia lack nitric oxide synthase in the gastro‐oesophageal junction. Eur J Clin Invest 1993; 23:724–8.

      256 256 Kassim SK, El Touny M, El Guinaidy M, et al. Serum nitrates and vasoactive intestinal peptide in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Clin Biochem 2002; 35:641–6.

      257 257 Park H, Calrk E, Cullen JJ, et al. Effect of endotoxin on opossum oesophageal motor function. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2000; 12:215–21.

      258 258 Daniel EE, Bardakjian BL, Huizinga JD, Diamant NE. Relaxation oscillators and core conductor models are needed for understanding