57 Unethical Trials of Interventions to Reduce Perinatal Transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Developing Countries Asking the Wrong Research Question Inadequate Analysis of Data from ACTG 076 and Other Sources Defining Placebo as the Standard of Care in Developing Countries Justifying Placebo‐Controlled Trials by Claiming They Are More Rapid Toward a Single International Standard of Ethical Research References 58 We’re Trying to Help Our Sickest People, Not Exploit Them 59 Pandemic EthicsThe Case for Risky Research1 The Principle of Risk Parity References
29 Experimentation with Animals 60 Duties towards Animals 61 A Utilitarian View 62 The Harmful, Nontherapeutic Use of Animals in Research is Morally Wrong Methods Some Distracting Issues not Discussed in Detail Some Objections: “Animal Experimentation is Morally Permissible Because …” A Positive, Cumulative Case in Defense of Animals References 63 The Use of Nonhuman Animals in Biomedical Research Arguments Against the Use of Animals in Scientific Research Ethics of Animal Research The Moral Status of Animals Rejecting the Extremes of the Spectrum Equal Consideration of Equal Interests Human Ability to Challenge Nature and Suffering is Unique Utilitarian Considerations What About Marginal Cases? Human Relationships Are Unique: The Human Family Assuming Responsibility and Stewardship Conclusion References 64 Ethical Issues When Modelling Brain Disorders in Non‐Human Primates Introduction Trends in Disease Modelling Post‐CRISPR Methodological Starting Point Conclusion References
30 Academic Freedom and Research 65 On Liberty Chapter II: Of The Liberty of Thought and Discussion 66 Should Some Knowledge Be Forbidden? 1 Introduction 2 A Case Study: The Right to Equality versus the Right to Freedom of Research 3 Past Precedents 4 The Third Precedent 5 Conclusion References 67 Academic Freedom and RaceYou Ought Not to Believe What You Think May Be True 1 An Intelligible Hypothesis 2 Not Believing What You Think May Be True 3 Not Discussing What Some Think To Be True 4 Not Using Science to Investigate the Truth 5 From Advice to Sanctions 6 The Dead Hand of Ignorance 7 The Appeal to Paradigms of Irrationality 8 Compromises 9 The Bright Light of Knowledge 10 Armageddon 11 Some History and Rhetoric References Further Reading
31 Part VIII: Public Health Issues
32 Introduction 68 Ethics and Infectious Disease I Distribution of Research Resources II The Ethical Importance of Infectious Disease III Why the Neglect? Conclusion 69 XDR‐TB in South Africa The Threat to Regional and Global Health The True Extent of the