from most jobs in filmmaking but able to work in editing departments because the creative decision making of editing was unrecognized? Or could it be that the creative decision making of editing was unrecognized because it was work done by women? (Pearlman and Heftberger 2018)
Distributed Creativity in Film History and Practice
Our approach to revising the narrative that effaces women is to look at the actual work that women were doing and reclassify it. Cumulatively, these case studies support the proposition that “good editing is not invisible, and neither are the women who do it” (Pearlman & Gaines 2019).
To illustrate this lower level of analysis at which distributed cognition and film history can be integrated for mutual benefit, we first show how editing can itself be understood as authorship, through the work of compilation filmmaker Esfir Shub. Finally, we draw some more experience-near evidence from a workshop exercise we did with four contemporary film philosophers and four editors, using the industry standard tools and materials of contemporary filmmaking practice.
Esfir Shub
“A person who cannot edit should not make films at all.”
Esfir Shub (as translated by Anastasia
Kostina 2016, 22)
Esfir Shub (1894–1959), Soviet director–editor, is often credited with the invention of the “compilation” film—a form of documentary constructed entirely in editing, from archival footage.10 Her work demonstrates the ways that ideas are created in editing. That Shub’s own writing tends to de-center the individual’s brain and acknowledge the work of hands, tools, and associates in creative process may have been partially responsible for her erasure from film theorizing. This points to the urgency of recalibrating our understanding of filmmaking creativity for the appropriate recognition of women in film history.
Shub began her career in the early 1920s, re-editing imported films to make them “appropriate” for Soviet audiences. “Western and American films had to be ideologically corrected, which meant changing the plot and the editing structure of the film, as well as writing new intertitles” (Shub 1927, translated in Gadassik 2018, 3). By turning celebrations of capitalism into cautionary tales about its excesses, Shub developed expertise in writing (or re-writing) through editing to create new meanings from film footage. Building on this skill, her celebrated 1927 full-length documentary The Fall of the Romanov Dynasty is made entirely in editing.
The process of locating, sifting through, compiling, reshooting, reframing, enlarging, matching speech, action, and movement within the frame of pieces of film originally shot by many different cameramen—all of this Shub did in order to produce a coherent and fluid narrative…with documents that had been made for an entirely different, if not the opposite, purpose. (Kaganovsky 2018, 7)
However, Shub’s “transformative use of footage” did not “fit neatly into the established picture of a director as someone staging and managing a film set…She could not get directorial credit until colleagues intervened on her behalf” (Gadassik 2018, 2–3). Or, as Stollery reports it: “After the film was released controversy arose because Sovkino initially refused to recognize Shub’s author’s rights and pay corresponding royalties” (Stollery 2002, 96). It is not likely, in her time, that her radical incursion into film form was seen as “merely” the work of hands. Editing was understood by the Soviets to be the medium-specific attribute that distinguished cinema from all other art forms and the most important aspect of filmmaking. “Shub’s belief that editing is the primary creative force in cinema’s visual grammar is consistent with the theoretical underpinnings of the Soviet avant-garde…” (Kostina and Dyshlyuk 2016, 10). Further, even within this hotbed of montage creativity, Shub’s “vision of archival compilation…is quite original” (Kostina and Dyshlyuk 2016, 10), and originality is not usually a reason why creative people get overlooked. So, it is probably not her work’s originality that impedes Shub’s occupation of a more significant position in film history.11 Perhaps then, it is the compilation film form itself, particularly because it “could be perceived as an extension of the type of work usually performed by invisible, uncredited women.” (Stollery 2002, 96). This form of erasure seems the most plausible explanation. Shub is undoubtedly not the first case of editors and women being disappeared, and she is also far from the last.
However, Shub’s own stance in relation to this question of a creative authorship credit may also, Stollery argues, have been a factor. “The compilation led to a cultural theory where author’s autonomy was drastically reduced, and the film archive became the ultimate ‘author’, the matrix out of which films were generated” (2002, 94). It is clear from the few translations of her writings into English (see Petric 1978; Kostina and Dyshlyuk 2016; Gadassik 2018) that Shub sees her work as an instance of distributed creativity. She “insisted that ‘mastery’ in filmmaking was not a matter of personal genius: ‘It is all a matter of technique…of aims and method. That is what we must talk about’”. (Shub as quoted in Stollery 2002, 93). Unlike her colleague Sergei Eisenstein who “was accused by various LEF-ists12 of a multitude of interrelated sins” (Stollery 2002, 92) to do with developing an individual and individualist style, Shub “was actively rejecting the notion of the artist as Romantic, solitary genius” (Stollery 2002, 94). In a 1972 documentary about Shub, director Grigori Kozintsev describes Shub’s ideas in terms that are highly resonant with a distributed cognition framework: “For Shub, he notes, montage was not the mere act of gluing together pieces of film, nor was it merely a way to tell a story; montage was a way of thinking, of expressing thought on the screen” (Kaganofsky 2018, 7). Or, as Shub writes: “unexpected solutions come up when you hold film stock in your hands. Just like letters: they are born on the top of the pen” (Shub as quoted in Petric 1978, 429). In other words, ideas generation is distributed between Shub, her tools (e.g., strips of film), and the images in the filmed material, at least.
Questions arise from this brief study of Shub about why ideas of creative authorship have remained so persistently individualistic. Cultural desires for a single creative artist to laud and the economic/marketing efficiencies of recognizing a single person are not the only reasons distributed creativity is left out of film history. Both poor, overly individualist assumptions about the nature of cognition, and the element of unconscious sexism are also significant. Stollery challenges us to take the questions seriously, noting: “It is significant that it was a woman who pioneered this new genre based upon a repudiation of established notions of authorship” (2002, 96).
Contemporary Collaborative Work of Hands, Minds, Tools, and Film Materials
In our final case study four philosophers confirm our claim that in the actual process of wrenching significant form from disparate shots, editing is never “merely technical” (Hatch 2013, 2). It is “expertly technical, and it is creative” (Pearlman and Heftberger 2018).
In October 2018, as part of a Macquarie University Research Seeding Grant, we staged a workshop in which we paired four editors with four film philosophers.13 The workshop offered the philosophers the chance to experience the process of editing and working with an editor. Our intention was to give them firsthand experience of the kinds of decisions made in continuity editing processes: how many choices there are about which shot to use, where, and for how long, and how substantially editing shapes performance, structure, order, tone, mood, emphasis, and meaning. We were curious about whether the philosophers would come away thinking of editors as co-creators of a film.
For the exercise, we gave each team the filmed material of a very short (30 second) drama scene between two people. The materials included plenty of coverage of the whole scene—wide shots, mid-shots, over the shoulder shots, and close ups. The material was from a studio shoot, so the lighting was consistent throughout. The actors and crew were professionals. Everything was in focus, and no one crossed the line. In other words, if anyone had thought that editing was just “cutting out the bad bits” they would have been disappointed. There were no “bad bits,” and there