‘(busy) area’, ‘town’. KJ1970:153; YK1976:93; TA1965:509-12.
Mnemonic: TOWN WITH PILED UP EARTH ON ITS CROSSROADS
462
L3
各
KAKU, ono-ono
each
6 strokes
各駅 KAKUEKI each station
各国 KAKKOKU each country
各自 KAKUJI each, respectively
OBI ; seal . Has ‘descending foot’ (block script 夂; for details, see Appendix), and 口 22 (‘opening/vessel/mouth’) as phonetic with associated sense ‘descend, come down from a high place’; Ogawa and Shirakawa consider 各 refers to the spirits of deities coming down from on high. As usual, Shirakawa takes 口 as a prayer receptacle, not mouth, and regards original sense as praying for spirits of deities to come down. The meaning ‘each’ is a loan usage. MS1995:v1:210-11; KJ1970:190; YK1976:94; OT1968:229.
Mnemonic: EACH OF US HAS PUT OUR FOOT IN OUR MOUTH
463
L3
覚
KAKU, oboeru, sameru/masu
remember, awake
12 strokes
自覚 JIKAKU self-awareness
目覚め mezame awakening
覚書 oboegaki memorandum
Seal ; a late graph (Shuowen); traditional form 覺. Has 見 20 ‘look/see’ (originally ‘appear before the eyes’), and (join pieces of wood with the hands, presumably timbers on a roof [冖/宀]: see 11 and 30) as phonetic with associated sense ‘clear, evident’, to give ‘become clear before the eyes’, and extended senses such as ‘discern, understand’. KJ1970:195; YK1976:96; OT1968:915; MS1995:v2:1176-7. As with 学 11, we suggest taking the upper part as ‘ornate roof’.
Mnemonic: WHEN AWAKE, REMEMBER TO LOOK AT ORNATE ROOF
464
L3
完
KAN
complete
7 strokes
完成 KANSEI completion
未完 MIKAN incompletion
完全 KANZEN perfect
Seal ; a late graph (Shuowen). Has 宀 30 ‘roof, house’, and 元 117 (‘origin’) as phonetic with associated sense ‘hedge, wall’, to give ‘fence/wall around a house’. By extension, ‘fence/wall which completely surrounds’ gives the abstract meaning ‘complete’. KJ1970:339-40; YK1976:101; OT1968:272.
Mnemonic: COMPLETELY ORIGINAL ROOF
465
L3
官
KAN
government, official
8 strokes
警官 KEIKAN policeman
官僚 KANRYŌ bureaucracy
官庁 KANCHŌ government office
OBI ; seal . Has 宀 30 ‘roof, house’, and 𠂤 (‘buttocks’) as phonetic with associated sense of ‘work’, to give ‘house/building where someone works’. The use of a graph with a meaning of ‘buttocks’ may very likely suggest a further semantic role indicating sedentary work, thus giving a more explicit meaning of ‘house/building with minor bureaucrat/official’. By extension, ‘government office’, or person attached thereto. MS1995:v1:364-6; KJ1970:333-4; YK1976:101.
Mnemonic: GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL IN BUILDING SITS ON BACKSIDE
466
L3
管
KAN, kuda
pipe, control
14 strokes
管理 KANRI control
気管 KIKAN windpipe
管々しい kudakudashii verbose
Seal ; a late graph (Shuowen). Has 58 ‘bamboo’, and 官 465 (‘house/building with minor official’) as phonetic with associated sense ‘pierce, penetrate’ (Ogawa says ‘hole’), to give ‘pierced length of bamboo’, and so ‘bamboo wind instrument’; also used in generalized sense for ‘pipe’. Its meaning of ‘control’ is possibly an extended meaning based on control of a wind instrument. KJ1970:335; YK1976:105; OT1968:754.
Mnemonic: BAMBOO PIPE UNDER CONTROL BY OFFICIAL
467
L3
関
KAN, seki
barrier, connection
14 strokes
関東 KANTŌ Kantō district
関心 KANSHIN interest
関の山 sekinoyama one’s utmost
Bronze ; seal ; traditional 關. Has 門 231 ‘(double) gate’, and (CO, original meaning ‘treadle on a loom’) as phonetic with associated sense ‘side, turn sideways’ (Mizukami also notes tentative alternative interpretation as ‘pierce, penetrate’), to give ‘fasten gate by putting bolt sideways across left and right sides’. Yamada considers that ‘treadle on a loom’ was connected by cords to the upper parts and this probably gave rise to ‘connection’ as an extended sense. The meaning ‘barrier’ may be seen as an extended sense derived from fastened gate. MS1995:v2:1388-90; KJ1970:146-7; YK1976:105-6. We suggest taking 关 as variant 天 62 ‘heaven’, and 70 meaning ‘sent away’.
Mnemonic: THE GATES OF HEAVEN ARE A BARRIER – SENT AWAY
468
L3
観
KAN
watch, observe
18 strokes
観光 KANKŌ sightseeing
観察 KANSATSU observation
観客 KANKYAKU spectator
Seal
